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PART Ⅰ．INTRODUCTORY 1

1．INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM 3

2．＂ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT＂：A PROBLEM IN DEFINITION 9

Mode of Action of Light 9

What is Meant by＂Ultraviolet Light＂？ 11

3．ABSORPTION OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT 17

Absorption and Penetration in Living Systems 17

Action Spectra and Absorption Spectra 23

Sources of Ultraviolet Light 30

Photochemical Consequences of Absorption 34

PART Ⅱ．SOME EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 37

4．INACTIVATION AND LETHAL ACTION 39

Inactivation of Enzymes 39

Inactivation of Viruses 44

Lethal Effects on Microorganisms 48

Relation to Other Effects 51

5．HEMOLYSIS：CYTOLYSIS：LYSOGENY 52

Hemolysis 52

Cytolysis and Permeability Changes in Complex Cells 57

Lysogeny in Bacteria 60

6．COMPARISON WITH EFFECTS OF OTHER TYPES OF RADIATION 62

Photosensitized Oxidation(Photodynamic Action 63

Effects of Ionizing Radiations 68

O2-Dependence in Effects of Ultraviolet Light 70

In Summary 73

7．RECOVERY PROCESSES 75

Photorecovery 75

The Mechanism of Photorecovery 79

＂Catalase＂Restoration 85

In Summary 86

8．REPLICATION AND CELL DIVISION 88

Normal Cell Division 89

The Energetics and Kinetics of Cell Growth and Replication of Parts 90

The Mitotic Cycle 96

Replication of DNA，RNA，and Protein Molecules 100

Ultraviolet Light and the Timing of Cell Division 103

Delay of Cleavage in the Sea Urchin Egg 104

Locus of Action 106

Photorecovery 109

The＂Refractory＂Period 109

Relationship with Some Other Effects 113

Increase in Growth Rate in Cultures of Microorganisms 116

In Summary 117

9．INHERITED CHANGES 119

Mutation Within the Nucleus 121

Gene Mutation 122

Chromosome Aberrations 123

Polyploidy 124

Crossing-Over 124

Somatic Mutation 124

Inheritance and Inherited Changes in Microorganisms 125

Mutations 126

Cytoplasmic Inheritance and Nucleocytoplasmic Relationships 127

Killer Strains in Paramecium 127

Bacterial Transformations 127

Adaptation 128

Differentiation 130

Inheritance of the Tendency to Develop Cancer 134

The Cancer Cell 135

10．DEVELOPMENTAL GROWTH 138

Some Studies of Regeneration 143

11．ACUTE EFFECTS ON SKIN 155

Penetration of Ultraviolet Light 156

Sunburn of Human Skin 160

Erythema 161

Suntan 165

Immunity to Sunburn 166

Sunburn as an Inflammatory Response 169

Hyperplasia 169

Effects on Mouse Skin 170

Effect of Visible Light 179

In Summary 180

PART Ⅲ．EXPERIMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS WITH ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT 183

12．THE EXPERIMENTS 185

Quantitative Measurements of Tumor Development 186

Dosage and Development Time 188

Dose-Rate Dependence 194

Wavelength Dependence 196

Effect of Temperature 199

Tumor Types 199

Photorecovery 203

13．CELL PROLIFERATION AND THE GROWTH OF TUMOR MASSES 205

14．QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE EXPERIMENTS 216

Some Ideas That Do Not Fit 216

Are There Separable Periods of Induction and Growth？ 216

Hypotheses Involving Somatic Mutation 220

Constant Acceleration of Growth Rate 223

An Approximate Model 225

The Completed Model 230

In Summary 242

15．SOME JUSTIFICATIONS AND AN EXTRAPOLATION 243

The Growth Curve 243

Clone Populations 251

Minor Effects 253

An Extrapolation 255

In Summary 258

16．SOME SPECULATION ABOUT THE MECHANISM OF CARCINOGENESIS 260

The Tem：A Hypothetical Particle 260

Are the Tems Virus Particles？ 268

Is the Tem a Mutated Gene？ 270

Control of Tumor Growth 271

The Question of Separable Stages in Cancerization 272

Are Immediate Chemical Carcinogens Formed by Ultraviolet Light？ 274

Is the Tem a Common Denominator in Cancer？ 276

In Summary 280

PART Ⅳ．SOME PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 283

17．SUNLIGHT AND CANCER OF THE SKIN OF MAN 285

Skin Color and Cancer of the Skin 288

Topographical Distribution of Skin Cancer in Man 292

Distribution of Skin Cancer with Latitude 295

Relative Incidence in Indoor and Outdoor Workers 302

Other Diseases Caused by Light 303

In Summary 303

Prophylactic Considerations 304

18．SOME PROBLEMS OF EVALUATION 306

Accumulation of Effect of Environmental Carcinogens 306

Cancer in the Individual 309

Evaluation of Carcinogenic and Therapeutic Agents 310

PART Ⅴ．ENVOI 321

REFERENCES 323

INDEX 337