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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 What is Contrastive Linguistics? 1

1.1.1 Name and Nature 2

1.1.1.1 Linguistics 2

1.1.1.2 Contrastive Linguistics 5

1.1.2 Classification 10

1.1.2.1 Theoretical and Applied Contrastive Linguistics 10

1.1.2.2 Micro-contrastive and Macro-contrastive Linguistics 16

1.2 Why Contrastive Linguistics? 17

1.3 History and Development 26

Study Questions 33

CHAPTER 2 PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES 35

2.1 Basic Assumptions ＆ Hypotheses 35

2.1.1 Transfer:the Psychological Basis of Contrastive Analysis 35

2.1.2 The Strong and Weak Versions of CA Hypothesis 37

2.1.3 The Predictive Power of Contrastive Analysis 39

2.2 Criteria for Comparison 41

2.2.1 The Surface Structure(SS) 42

2.2.2 The Deep Structure(DS) 45

2.2.3 Translation Equivalence 51

2.3 Procedures 57

Study Questions 58

CHAPTER 3 PHONETIC ＆ PHONOLOGICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSES 61

3.1 Phonetics and Phonology 61

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics 63

3.3 Contrastive Phonology 67

3.3.1 Phonological Contrastive Analysis 67

3.3.2 Two Phonological Models 69

3.4 Suprasegmental Contrastive Analysis 73

Study Questions 76

CHAPTER 4 LEXICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 78

4.1 Contrastive Lexical Morphology 79

4.2 Contrastive Lexical Semantics 83

4.2.1 Motivation of Words 84

4.2.2 Sense Relationships 89

4.2.2.1 Syntagmatic Semantic Relationship:Collocation 90

4.2.2.2 Paradigmatic Semantic Relationships 92

4.2.2.3 Lexical Fields and Lexical Gaps 95

4.2.3 Semantic Features 100

4.3 Three Active Areas 105

Study Questions 117

CHAPTER 5 GRAMMATICAL CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 120

5.1 Contrastive Analysis of Inflectional Morphology 122

5.1.1 Aspect 124

5.1.2 Case 125

5.1.3 Gender 126

5.1.4 Mood 127

5.1.5 Number 127

5.1.6 Person 127

5.1.7 Tense 128

5.1.8 Voice 128

5.2 Syntactic Contrastive Analysis 133

5.2.1 Structuralist Approach(Surface-structure Contrasts) 134

5.2.2 Generative Approach 140

5.2.2.1 Transformational Grammarian Approach(Deep-structure Contrasts) 140

5.2.2.2 Case Grammarian Approach(Deeper-structure Contrasts) 149

Study Questions 157

CHAPTER 6 TEXTUAL CONTRASTlVE ANALYSIS 159

6.1 Text and Discourse 162

6.2 Defining Characteristics of the Text 163

6.3 Contrastive Analysis of Textual Cohesion 166

6.3.1 Semantic Cohesion 168

6.3.1.1 Reference 168

6.3.1.2 Substitution 172

6.3.1.3 Ellipsis 173

6.3.1.4 Conjunction 176

6.3.1.5 Lexical Relationships("Lexical Cohesion") 181

6.3.2 Structural Cohesion 182

6.3.2.1 Parallelism 183

6.3.2.2 Comparison 188

6.2.2.3 Information Structure 189

6.3.3 Different Languages Preferring Different Cohesive Devices 201

6.4 Contrastive Analysis of Textual Coherence 203

Study Questions 213

CHAPTER 7 PRAGMATIC CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 215

7.1 Speech Act Theory(Unilateral Communication) 215

7.1.1 Speech Acts 216

7.1.2 Felicity Conditions 218

7.2 Conversational Interaction(Bilateral Communication) 220

7.2.1 Structural Components of Conversation 220

7.2.1.1 Openings 221

7.2.1.2 Maintaining Conversation 223

7.2.1.3 Closings 229

7.2.2 Principles of Conversational Organization 231

7.2.2.1 The Principle of Cooperation(Be Clear) 232

7.2.2.2 Rules of Politeness(Be Polite) 237

Study Questions 242

REFERENCES 244

INDEX 254