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Chapter One Language Contact and Linguistic Borrowing 1

1.1 Language Contact 1

1.1.1 Causes and Features of Language Contact 1

1.1.2 Outcomes of Language Contact 6

1.2 Linguistic Borrowing-the Most Usual Effect of Language Contact 14

1.2.1 Openness to Linguistic Borrowing 16

1.2.2 Directness and Indirectness of Linguistic Borrowing 17

1.2.3 Sources of Linguistic Borrowing 19

3.1.15 The Preponderance of Senseloans over Transliterations 20

1.2.4.1 The Borrowing Climaxes of English 36

1.2.4 Climaxes of Borrowing 36

1.2.4.2 The Borrowing Climaxes of Chinese 45

1.2.5 Small-scale Borrowings and Borrowings from Minor Sources 66

1.2.6 Borrowing due to Linguistic, Cultural, Geographical or Political Closeness Between Speech Communities 70

1.2.7 Borrowing from Different Varieties of the Same Language in Different Periods 72

1.2.8 Reverse Borrowing 74

1.2.9 Borrowing form Influential Languages 75

1.2.10 Bidirectional of Mutual Borrowing 76

1.2.11 Unidirectional of One-sided Borrowing 78

1.2.12 The States of Cultures Revealed by Linguistic Borrowing 82

1.2.13 Summary 85

2.1 The Lexical Borrowing of English 86

Chapter Two The English Borrowing of Lexical Items and Morphological Elements 86

2.1.1 Reasons for Lexical and Morphological Borrowing 87

2.1.2 Ways of Borrowing 94

2.1.3 Forms of Borrowing 95

2.1.4 Types of Words Likely to Be Borrowed 97

2.1.5 Factors Influencing Lexical Borrowing 100

2.1.6 The Interaction Between the Borrowed and Native Elements in the Borrowing Language 108

2.1.7 Morphological Borrowing of English 120

2.2 The Borrowing of Inflectional Endings 130

2.2.1 The Borrowing of Inflectional Endings 131

2.2.2 The Borrowing of Affixes 145

2.2.3 Hybridisation Resulting from Lexical and Morphological Borrowing 151

2.3 Value of Lexical Borrowing 153

Chapter Three The Chinese Borrowing of Lexical Items and Morphological Elements from English 155

3.1 Lexical Borrowing of Chinese from English 156

3.1.1 Transliteration 157

3.1.2 Transliteration＋Senseloan of Hybrids 166

3.1.3 Coincidental Senseloan by Transliteration 169

3.1.4 Transliteration＋Coincidental Senseloan by Transliteration 171

3.1.5 The Adoption of Acronyms and Abbreviations 171

3.1.6 Calques or Translation Loans 173

3.1.7 Copy of the Original 174

3.1.8 Synonymous English Forms Transcribed in One Form in Chinese 179

3.1.9 One English Form Transcribed in Many Forms in Chinese 180

3.1.10 Doublets in Chinese as a Result of Borrowing from English 183

3.1.11 Transliteration of Only one of the Syllables of an English Word 184

3.1.12 Abbreviation and the Use of 氏 in Chinese Transliteration of English Proper Names 186

3.1.13 Adoption of English Elements in Different Varieties of Chinese 187

3.1.14 Indirect Chinese Borrowing from English Through Japanese 195

3.1.16 The Borrowing of Phrases 203

3.1.17 The Chinese Borrowing of English Words and Expressions for the Names of Chinese Companies, Products; Trade Marks and Brand Names 205

3.2 Morphological Borrowing of Chinese from English 209

3.3 Evaluation of the Ways of Chinese Borrowing from English and Evolution of the Borrowed Elements in Chinese 213

3.4 Senses of English Words to Be Borrowed 220

3.5 Influence of the Borrowing form English on Chinese Vocabulary and Morphology 222

3.6 Uniformization, Normalization and Standardization of Borrowings in Chinese 225

3.7 Summary 232

Conclusion 233

List of Abbreviations 237

Notes 238

Bibliography 242