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Contents 1

PART 1 The C Language 1

1 Introduction 3

1.1 The Evolution of C 3

1.2 Which Dialect of C Should You Use? 6

1.3 An Overview of C Programming 7

1.4 Conformance 8

1.5 Syntax Notation 9

2 Lexical Elements 11

2.1 Character Set 11

2.2 Comments 18

2.3 Tokens 20

2.4 Operators and Separators　　 20

2.5 Identifiers 21

2.6 Keywords 23

2.7 Constants 24

2.8 C++ Compatibility 38

2.9 On Character Sets,Repertoires,and Encodings 39

2.10 Exercises 41

3 The C Preprocessor 43

3.1 Preprocessor Commands 43

3.2 Preprocessor Lexical Conventions 44

3.3 Definition and Replacement 46

3.4 File Inclusion 59

3.5 Conditional Compilation 61

3.6 Explicit Line Numbering 66

3.7 Pragma Directive 67

3.8 Error Directive 69

3.9 C++ Compatibility 70

3.10 Exercises 71

4 Declarations 73

4.1 Organization of Declarations 74

4.2 Terminology 75

4.3 Storage Class and Function Specifiers 83

4.4 Type Specifiers and Qualifiers 86

4.5 Declarators 95

4.6 Initializers 103

4.7 Implicit Declarations 113

4.8 External Names 113

4.9 C++ Compatibility 116

4.10 Exercises 119

5 Types 123

5.1 Integer Types 124

5.2 Floating-Point Types 132

5.3 Pointer Types 136

5.4 Array Types 140

5.5 Enumerated Types 145

5.6 Structure Types 148

5.7 Union Types 160

5.8 Function Types 165

5.9 The Void Type 168

5.10 Typedef Names 168

5.11 Type Compatibility 172

5.12 Type Names and Abstract Declarators 176

5.13 C++ Compatibility 178

5.14 Exercises 179

6 Conversions and Representations 181

6.1 Representations 181

6.2 Conversions 188

6.3 The Usual Conversions 194

6.4 C++ Compatibility 200

6.5 Exercises 201

7 Expressions 203

7.1 Objects,Lvalues,and Designators 203

7.2 Expressions and Precedence 204

7.3 Primary Expressions 207

7.4 Postfix Expressions 210

7.5 Unary Expressions 219

7.6 Binary Operator Expressions 227

7.7 Logical Operator Expressions 243

7.8 Conditional Expressions 244

7.9 Assignment Expressions 246

7.10 Sequential Expressions 249

7.11 Constant Expressions 250

7.12 Order of Evaluation 253

7.13 Discarded Values 255

7.14 Optimization of Memory Accesses 256

7.15 C++ Compatibility 257

7.16 Exercises 258

8 Statements 259

8.1 General Syntactic Rules for Statements 260

8.2 Expression Statements 260

8.3 Labeled Statements 261

8.4 Compound Statements 262

8.5 Conditional Statements 264

8.6 Iterative Statements 266

8.7 Switch Statements 274

8.8 Break and Continue Statements 277

8.9 Return Statements 279

8.10 Goto Statements 280

8.11 Null Statements 281

8.13 Exercises 282

8.12 C++ Compatibility 282

9 Functions 285

9.1 Function Definitions 286

9.2 Function Prototypes 289

9.3 Formal Parameter Declarations 295

9.4 Adjustments to Parameter Types 298

9.5 Parameter-Passing Conventions 299

9.6 Agreement of Parameters 300

9.7 Function Return Types 301

9.8 Agreement of Return Types 302

9.9 The Main Program 303

9.10 Inline Functions 304

9.11 C++ Compatibility 306

9.12 Exercises 307

PART 2 The C Libraries 309

10 Introduction to the Libraries 311

10.1 Standard C Facilities 312

10.2 C++ Compatibility 313

10.3 Library Headers and Names 316

11 Standard Language Additions 325

11.1 NULL,ptrdiff_t,size_t,offsetof 325

11.2 EDOM,ERANGE,EILSEQ,errno,strerror,perror 327

11.3 bool,false,true 329

11.4 va_list,va_start,va_arg,va_end 329

11.5 Standard C Operator Macros 333

12 Character Processing 335

12.1 isalnum,isalpha,iscntrl,iswalnum,iswalpha,iswcntrl 336

12.2 iscsym,iscsymf 338

12.3 isdigit,isodigit,isxdigit,iswdigit,iswxdigit 338

12.4 isgraph,isprint,ispunct,iswgraph,iswprint,iswpunct 339

12.5 islower,isupper,iswlower,iswupper 340

12.6 isblank,isspace,iswhite,iswspace 341

12.7 toascii 341

12.8 toint 342

12.9 tolower,toupper,towlower,towupper 342

12.10 wctype_t,wctype,iswctype 343

12.11 wctrans_t,wctrans 344

13 String Processing 347

13.1 strcat,stmcat,wcscat,wcsncat 348

13.2 strcmp,strncmp,wcscmp,wcsncmp 349

13.3 strcpy,strncpy,wcscpy,wcsncpy 350

13.4 strlen,wcslen 351

13.5 strchr,strrchr,wcschr,wcsrchr 351

13.6 strspn,strcspn,strpbrk,strrpbrk,wcsspn,wcscspn,wcspbrk 352

13.7 strstr,strtok,wcsstr,wcstok 354

13.8 strtod,strtof,strtold,strtol,strtoll,strtoul,strtoull 355

13.9 atof,atoi,atol,atoll 356

13.10 strcoll,strxfrm,wcscoll,wcsxfrm 356

14 Memory Functions 359

14.1 memchr,wmemchr 359

14.2 memcmp,wmemcmp 360

14.3 memcpy,memccpy,memmove,wmemcpy,wmemmove 361

14.4 memset,wmemset 362

15 Input/Output Facilities 363

15.1 FILE,EOF,wchar_t,wint_t,WEOF 365

15.2 fopen,fclose,fflush,freopen,fwide 366

15.3 setbuf,setvbuf 370

15.4 stdin,stdout,stderr 371

15.5 fseek,ftell,rewind,fgetpos,fsetpos 372

15.6 fgetc,fgetwc,getc,getwc,getchar,getwchar,ungetc,ungetwc 374

15.7 fgets,fgetws,gets 376

15.8 fscanf,fwscanf,scanf,wscanf,sscanf,swscanf 377

15.9 fputc,fputwc,putc,putwc,putchar,putwchar 385

15.10 fputs,fputws,puts 386

15.11 fprintf,printf,sprintf,snprintf,fwprintf,wprintf,swprintf 387

15.12 v[x]printf,v[x]scanf 401

15.13 fread,fwrite 402

15.14 feof,ferror,clearerr 404

15.15 remove,rename 404

15.16 tmpfile,tmpnam,mktemp 405

16 General Utilities 407

16.1 malloc,calloc,mlalloc,clalloc,free,cfree 407

16.2 rand,srand,RAND_MAX 410

16.3 atof,atoi,atol,atoll 1 411

16.4 strtod,strtof,strtold,strtol,strtoll,strtoul,strtoull 412

16.5 abort,atexit,exit,_Exit,EXIT_FAILURE,EXIT_SUCCESS 414

16.6 getenv 415

16.7 system 416

16.8 bsearch,qsort 417

16.9 abs,labs,llabs,div,ldiv,lldiv 419

16.10 mblen,mbtowc,wctomb 420

16.11 mbstowcs,wcstombs 422

17 Mathematical Functions 425

17.1 abs,labs,llabs,div,ldiv,lldiv 426

17.2 fabs 426

17.3 ceil,floor,lrint,llrint,lround,llround,nearbyint,round,rint,trunc 427

17.4 fmod,remainder,remquo 428

17.5 frexp,ldexp,modf,scalbn 429

17.6 exp,exp2,expml,ilogb,log,log10,loglp,log2,logb 430

17.7 cbrt,fma,hypot,pow,sqrt 432

17.8 rand,srand,RAND_MAX 432

17.9 cos,sin,tan,cosh,sinh,tanh 433

17.10 acos,asin,atan,atan2,acosh,asinh,atanh 434

17.12 Type-Generic Macros 435

17.11 fdim,fmax,fmin 435

17.13 erf,erfc,lgamma,tgamma 439

17.14 fpclassify,isfinite,isinf,isnan,isnormal,signbit 440

17.15 copysign,nan,nextafter,nexttoward 441

17.16 isgreater,isgreaterequal,isless,islessequal,islessgreater,isunordered 442

18 Time and Date Functions 443

18.1 clock,clock_t,CLOCKS PER_SEC,times 443

18.2 time,time_t 445

18.3 asctime,ctime 445

18.4 gmtime,localtime,mktime 446

18.5 difftime 447

18.6 strftime,wcsftime 448

19 Control Functions 453

19.1 assert,NDEBUG 453

19.4 setjmp,longjmp,jmp_buf 454

19.2 system,exec 454

19.3 exit,abort 454

19.5 atexit 456

19.6 signal,raise,gsignal,ssignal,psignal 456

19.7 sleep,alarm 458

20 Locale 461

20.1 setlocale 461

20.2 localeconv 463

21 Extended Integer Types 467

21.1 General Rules 467

21.2 Exact-Size Integer Types 470

21.3 Least-Size Types of a Minimum Width 471

21.4 Fast Types of a Minimum Width 472

21.5 Pointer-Size and Maximum-Size Integer Types 473

21.7 imaxabs,imaxdiv,imaxdiv_t 474

21.6 Ranges of ptrdiff_t,size_t,wchar_t,wint_t,and sig_atomic_t 474

21.8 strtoimax,strtouimax 475

21.9 wcstoimax,wcstoumax 475

22 Floating-Point Environment 477

22.1 Overview 477

22.2 Floating-Point Environment 478

22.3 Floating-Point Exceptions 479

22.4 Floating-Point Rounding Modes 481

22.5 Floating-Point Expression Contraction 481

23 Complex Arithmetic 483

23.1 Complex Library Conventions 483

23.2 complex,_Complex_I,imaginary,_Imaginary_I,I 484

23.3 CX_LIMITED_RANGE 484

23.4 cacos,casin,catan,ccos,csin,ctan 485

23.5 cacosh,casinh,catanh,ccosh,csinh,ctanh 486

23.6 cexp,clog,cabs,cpow,csqrt 487

23.7 carg,cimag,creal,conj,cproj 488

24 Wide and Multibyte Facilities 489

24.1 Basic Types and Macros 489

24.2 Conversions Between Wide and Multibyte Characters 490

24.3 Conversions Between Wide and Multibyte Strings 491

24.4 Conversions to Arithmetic Types 493

24.5 Input and Output Functions 493

24.6 String Functions 493

24.7 Date and Time Conversions 494

24.8 Wide-Character Classification and Mapping Functions 494

A The ASCII Character Set 497

B Syntax 499

C Answers to the Exercises 513

Index 521