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SECTION Ⅰ MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR RADIO ENGINEERING 3

1 Basic Definitions，Operations，and Differential Vectors 3

1.1 Complex Values and Phasors 3

1.2 Vectors 4

1.3 Vector and Scalar Operations 6

1.4 Differential Vectors 9

1.4.1 Cartesian Coordinate System 9

1.4.2 Cylindrical Coordinate System 11

1.4.3 Spherical Coordinate System 13

1.5 Relationships between Coordinate Systems 14

1.5.1 Cartesian and Cylindrical Coordinate Systems 14

1.5.2 Cartesian and Spherical Coordinate Systems 14

References 16

2 Differential Operators in Classical Electrodynamics 17

2.1 Gradient of the Scalar Field 17

2.2 Divergence of the Vector Field 19

2.3 Vector Operator “Curl” or “Rot” 20

2.4 Laplace Operator 22

2.5 Integral Presentation of Differential Operators 23

2.5.1 Definitions of Line，Surface，and Volume Integrals 23

2.5.1.1 Line Integral 23

2.5.1.2 Surface Integral 25

2.5.1.3 Volume Integral 26

2.5.2 Integral Presentation of Vector Operators 27

2.5.2.1 Integral Presentation of Gradient Operator 27

2.5.2.2 Integral Presentation of Divergence Operator 28

2.5.2.3 Integral Presentation of Curl Operator 29

References 31

SECTION Ⅱ INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS 35

3 Electromagnetic Waves 35

3.1 Maxwell’s Equations 35

3.1.1 Differential Form of Maxwell’s Equations 35

3.1.2 Integral Form of Maxwell’s Equations 38

3.2 Presentation of Electromagnetic Waves 40

3.3 Green’s Function 42

3.4 Poynting Theorem 43

References 47

4 Electromagnetic Waves Propagation in Various Media 49

4.1 Electromagnetic Waves in Free Space 49

4.1.1 Plane Waves 49

4.1.2 Cylindrical Waves 50

4.1.3 Spherical Waves 51

4.2 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves 51

4.3 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Material Media 53

4.3.1 Main Characteristics of Plane Waves in Material Media 53

4.3.2 Propagation of Plane Wave in Ideal Dielectric Medium 58

4.3.3 Propagation of Plane Wave in Nonideal Dielectric Medium 59

4.3.4 Propagation of Plane Wave in Good Conductive Medium 60

4.3.5 Main Results 62

References 63

5 Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves 65

5.1 Boundary Conditions 65

5.2 Reflection and Refraction Coefficients at the Boundary of Two Media 67

5.3 Properties of Reflection Coefficients for Waves with Arbitrary Polarization 71

References 74

SECTIONⅢ GUIDING STRUCTURES AND GUIDING WAVES 77

6 Types of Guiding Structures and Guiding Waves 77

6.1 Types of Guiding Structures 77

6.2 Types of Guiding Waves Propagating in Guiding Structures 77

6.2.1 Transverse Electromagnetic （TEM） Waves in Guiding Structures 79

6.2.2 TE and TM Waves in Guiding Structures 81

References 85

7 Transmission Lines 87

7.1 Infinite-Length Transmission Line 87

7.2 Finite-Length Transmission Line 91

7.3 Impedance and Matching of Transmission Line 92

7.5 Transmission Line with Losses 93

References 96

8 Coaxial Cables 97

8.1 Main Characteristics of Coaxial Cable 97

8.2 Propagation of a Transverse Electromagnetic （TEM） Wave along the Coaxial Cable 99

8.3 Propagation of TE and TM Waves along the Coaxial Cable 101

8.4 Leaky Coaxial Cable （LCC） Hidden in Semi-Space Dielectric Medium 102

8.4.1 The Simple Coaxial Cable Model 103

8.4.2 Insulated Cable Hidden in Semi-Space Dielectric Medium 104

8.4.3 Coupling Effect between External and Internal Modes of LCC 105

References 108

9 Waveguides 109

9.1 Two-Dimensional （2-D） Plane Guiding Structure 109

9.1.1 Propagation of Transverse Electromagnetic （TEM） Waves 109

9.1.2 Propagation of TM Waves 111

9.1.3 Propagation of TE Waves 114

9.2 Rectangular Waveguides 116

9.2.1 Propagation of TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguide 116

9.2.2 Propagation of TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguide 120

9.3 Cylindrical Waveguides 123

9.3.1 Propagation of TM Modes in Cylindrical Waveguide 123

9.3.2 Propagation of TE Modes in Cylindrical Waveguide 127

References 129

SECTION Ⅳ ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS 133

10 Basic Characteristics and Types of Antennas 133

10.1 Basic Characteristics of Antennas 133

10.1.1 Antenna Radiation Regions 133

10.1.2 Basic Characteristics of Antennas 135

10.1.3 Polarization of Antennas 138

10.2 Antennas in Free Space 141

10.3 Types of Antenna 141

10.3.1 Dipole Antennas 141

10.3.1.1 Infinitesimal Dipole Antennas 141

10.3.1.2 Finite-Length Dipole Antennas 142

10.3.2 Loop Antennas 145

10.3.3 Antenna Arrays 146

10.4 Multibearn Antennas 147

References 150

SECTION Ⅴ RADAR FUNDAMENTALS 153

11 Radars 153

11.1 Basic Definitions and Characteristics of Radar 153

11.2 Classification of Radars according to Their Application 156

11.3 Classification of Radars Associated with Types of Radiated Signals 156

11.4 Pulse Repeated Frequency and Maximum Range 159

11.5 Doppler Effect and Doppler Shift Frequency 161

11.6 Path-Loss Prediction in Propagation Environment 161

11.6.1 Free-Space Propagation 161

11.6.2 Effects of the Earth 162

11.6.3 Effects of the Atmosphere 163

11.6.3.1 Effects of Refraction 163

11.6.3.2 Effects of Attenuation 165

11.6.4 Effects of the Ionosphere 166

11.6.4.1 Structure of the Ionosphere 166

11.6.4.2 Main Parameters of Propagation through the Ionosphere 167

11.6.4.3 Effects of Wave Refraction 168

11.7 Radar Equations 169

11.8 Clutter Effects on RCS 171

11.8.1 Radar Cross Section 171

11.9 Clutter and Target Effects on Radar Signals 172

11.9.1 SNR 172

11.9.2 Clutter Influence 173

References 174

12 Millimeter-Wave Radars 175

12.1 Main Properties of Active MMW Radar 176

12.2 Effects of Environment on MMW Active Radar Operation Properties 177

12.2.1 Range of Target Detection 177

12.2.2 Target-to-Clutter and Target-to-Rain Signal-to-Noise Ratio （SNR）Effects 177

12.3 Passive MMW Radars 180

12.3.1 Typical Applications of MMW Radiometers 181

12.3.2 Theoretical Aspects of MMW Radiometry 184

12.3.3 MMW- Radiometer Parameters Estimation 187

12.3.4 Measurements of Errors in Brightness Temperature 187

References 188

13 Guiding GPRs Based on Leaky Coaxial Cables 191

13.1 Background 191

13.2 Theoretical Framework 193

13.2.1 Basic Equations 193

13.2.1.1 Cylindrical Structures 196

13.2.1.2 Symmetrical TM mode 197

13.2.2 External Region of LCC Irradiation 199

13.2.3 Internal Cable Structures 200

13.3 Radiation Pattern in the Presence of Interface 203

13.4 Characteristics of Radiation Field for Different Types of LCC 206

13.5 Effects of Inner and Outer Obstructions on the Pattern of Buried LCC 209

13.5.1 End Discontinuity Effect 209

13.5.2 Coupling Inhomogeneities Effect 212

13.5.3 Effect of Inhomogeneities on External Mode Propagation Constant 213

13.6 Comparison with Experimental Measurements 214

13.7 General Comments 217

References 220

14 Physical Fundamentals of Ground-Penetrating Radars and Remote Sensing Systems 223

14.1 Overview 223

14.2 Problems in GPR System Design 225

14.2.1 Dielectric and Conductive Properties of Subsoil Media 225

14.2.2 Attenuation and Losses of Electromagnetic Waves in Subsoil Medium 226

14.3 Theoretical Framework of Target Detection and Imaging 229

14.3.1 Diffraction Tomography Method Based on Rytov’s Approximation 230

14.3.2 Imaging of Buried Objects Based on the Open Waveguide Structures 231

14.3.3 Method of Diffraction Tomography Based on Feynman’s Path Integrals 233

14.3.4 Finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） Modeling of Buried Objects in Subsoil Media 235

14.3.5 Geometrical Optic Model 239

References 246

15 ESP/UWB Radar Systems Applications 249

15.1 ESP/UWB Radar Operation Methodology 249

15.2 Problems in ESP/UWB Radar Operation 250

15.3 ESP/UWB System Operational Characteristics 251

15.4 Applications of Ground-Penetrating Radars and RSSs 253

15.4.1 Detection，Imaging，and Identification of Small Local Buried Objects 254

15.4.2 Detection and Identification of Minerals and Subsoil Structures 256

15.4.3 Detection of Foreign Objects in Underwater Environments 258

15.4.4 GPR Experiments for Verification of the Geometrical Optic Model 260

References 265

Index 267