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Chapter 0 Introduction 1

0.1 The Role of Algorithms 2

0.2 The Origins of Computing Machines 4

0.3 The Science of Algorithms 9

0.4 Abstraction 10

0.5 An Outline of Our Study 11

0.6 Social Repercussions 13

Chapter 1 Data Storage 19

1.1 Bits and Their Storage 20

1.2 Main Memory 27

1.3 Mass Storage 30

1.4 Representing Information as Bit Patterns 37

1.5 The Binary System 44

1.6 Storing Integers 49

1.7 Storing Fractions 56

1.8 Data Compression 61

1.9 Communication Errors 66

Chapter 2 Data Manipulation 79

2.1 Computer Architecture 80

2.2 Machine Language 83

2.3 Program Execution 89

2.4 Arithmetic/ Logic Instructions 97

2.5 Communicating with Other Devices 102

2.6 Other Architectures 107

Chapter 3 Operating Systems 119

3.1 The History of Operating Systems 120

3.2 Operating System Architecture 124

3.3 Coordinating the Machine’s Activities 131

3.4 Handling Competition Among Processes 134

3.5 Security 139

Chapter 4 Networking and the Internet 147

4.1 Network Fundamentals 148

4.2 The Internet 157

4.3 The World Wide Web 164

4.4 Internet Protocols 174

4.5 Security 180

Chapter 5 Algorithms 195

5.1 The Concept of an Algorithm 196

5.2 Algorithm Representation 199

5.3 Algorithm Discovery 207

5.4 Iterative Structures 213

5.5 Recursive Structures 224

5.6 Efficiency and Correctness 233

Chapter 6 Programming Languages 251

6.1 Historical Perspective 252

6.2 Traditional Programming Concepts 261

6.3 Procedural Units 272

6.4 Language Implementation 280

6.5 Object-Oriented Programming 289

6.6 Programming Concurrent Activities 295

6.7 Declarative Programming 298

Chapter 7 Software Engineering 311

7.1 The Software Engineering Discipline 312

7.2 The Software Life Cycle 315

7.3 Software Engineering Methodologies 319

7.4 Modularity 321

7.5 Tools of the Trade 328

7.6 Testing 336

7.7 Documentation 338

7.8 Software Ownership and Liability 339

Chapter 8 Data Abstractions 349

8.1 Data Structure Fundamentals 350

8.2 Implementing Data Structures 355

8.3 A Short Case Study 370

8.4 Customized Data Types 375

8.5 Classes and Objects 379

8.6 Pointers in Machine Language 381

Chapter 9 Database Systems 391

9.1 Database Fundamentals 392

9.2 The Relational Model 397

9.3 Object-Oriented Databases 408

9.4 Maintaining Database Integrity 411

9.5 Iraditional File Structures 414

9.6 Data Mining 423

9.7 Social Impact of Database Technology 425

Chapter 10 Artificial Intelligence 435

10.1 Intelligence and Machines 436

10.2 Perception 441

10.3 Reasoning 447

10.4 Additional Areas of Research 460

10.5 Artificial Neural Networks 464

10.6 Robotics 473

10.7 Considering the Consequences 475

Chapter 11 Theory of Computation 485

11.1 Functions and Their Computation 486

11.2 Turing Machines 488

11.3 Universal Programming Languages 493

11.4 A Noncomputable Function 499

11.5 Complexity of Problems 504

11.6 Public-Key Cryptography 513

Appendixes 525

A ASCII 527

B Circuits to Manipulate Two’s Complement Representations 529

C A Simple Machine Language 533

D High-Level Language Program Examples 535

E The Equivalence of Iterative and Recursive Structures 543

F Answers to Questions & Exercises 545

Index 585