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CHAPTER 1 Defects in Crystals 1

1.1 Crystalline Materials 1

1.2 Simple Crystal Structures 4

1.3 Defects in Crystalline Materials 8

Point Defects 8

Stacking Faults 10

Grain Boundaries 12

Twin Boundaries 12

Volume Defects 13

1.4 Dislocations 13

Geometry of Dislocations 15

Burgers Vector and Burgers Circuit 16

Further Reading 20

CHAPTER 2 Observation of Dislocations 21

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Electron Microscopy 22

General Principles 22

Dislocations 24

Planar Defects 25

Lattice Imaging 26

Image Simulation 26

Other Factors 28

2.3 Other Experimental Methods 28

Surface Methods 28

Decoration Methods 30

X-ray Diffraction Topography 31

Field Ion Microscopy and Atom Probe Tomography 32

2.4 Computer Simulation 34

Atomic-Level Simulation 34

Continuum-Level Simulation 38

Further Reading 41

CHAPTER 3 Movement of Dislocations 43

3.1 Concept of Slip 43

3.2 Dislocations and Slip 45

3.3 The Slip Plane 46

3.4 Cross Slip 48

3.5 Velocity of Dislocations 50

3.6 Climb 53

3.7 Experimental Observation of Climb 56

Prismatic Dislocation Loops 56

Helical Dislocations 57

3.8 Conservative Climb 59

3.9 Plastic Strain due to Dislocation Movement 59

Further Reading 61

CHAPTER 4 Elastic Properties of Dislocations 63

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 Elements of Elasticity Theory 63

4.3 Stress Field of a Straight Dislocation 67

Screw Dislocation 67

Edge Dislocation 69

4.4 Strain Energy of a Dislocation 71

4.5 Forces on Dislocations 73

4.6 Forces between Dislocations 75

4.7 Climb Forces 79

4.8 Image Forces 81

Further Reading 82

CHAPTER 5 Dislocations in Face-centered Cubic Metals 85

5.1 Perfect Dislocations 85

5.2 Partial Dislocations - The Shockley Partial 85

5.3 Slip 87

5.4 Thompson’s Tetrahedron 93

5.5 Frank Partial Dislocation 94

5.6 Dislocation Locks and Stair-Rod Partials 99

5.7 Stacking Fault Tetrahedra 103

Further Reading 107

CHAPTER 6 Dislocations in Other Crystal Structures 109

6.1 Introduction 109

6.2 Dislocations in Hexagonal Close-packed Metals 109

Burgers Vectors and Stacking Faults 109

Basal and Non-basal Slip 112

Vacancy and Interstitial Loops 115

6.3 Dislocations in Body-centered Cubic Metals 118

6.4 Dislocations in Ionic Crystals 124

6.5 Dislocations in Superlattices 126

6.6 Dislocations in Covalent Crystals 130

6.7 Dislocations in Layer Structures 133

6.8 Dislocations in Polymer Crystals 134

Further Reading 135

CHAPTER 7 Jogs and the Intersection of Dislocations 137

7.1 Introduction 137

7.2 Intersection of Dislocations 137

7.3 Movement of Dislocations Containing Elementary Jogs 139

7.4 Superjogs 142

7.5 Jogs and Prismatic Loops 145

7.6 Intersections of Extended Dislocations and Extended Jogs 147

7.7 Attractive and Repulsive Junctions 149

7.8 Extended Stacking-fault Nodes 153

Further Reading 155

CHAPTER 8 Origin and Multiplication of Dislocations 157

8.1 Introduction 157

8.2 Dislocations in Freshly Grown Crystals 158

8.3 Homogeneous Nucleation of Dislocations 159

8.4 Nucleation of Dislocations at Stress Concentrators 160

8.5 Multiplication of Dislocations by Frank-Read Sources 163

8.6 Multiplication by Multiple Cross Glide 166

8.7 Multiplication by Climb 167

8.8 Grain Boundary Sources 169

Further Reading 169

CHAPTER 9 Dislocation Arrays and Crystal Boundaries 171

9.1 Plastic Deformation，Recovery and Recrystallization 171

9.2 Simple Dislocation Boundaries 175

9.3 General Low-angle Boundaries 177

9.4 Stress Field of Dislocation Arrays 181

9.5 Strain Energy of Dislocation Arrays 184

9.6 Dislocations and Steps in Interfaces 186

Admissible Defects 186

Identification of Interfacial Dislocations 189

Dislocations in Epitaxial Interfaces 191

9.7 Movement of Boundaries 193

Arrays of Crystal Dislocations 193

Glide of Interfacial Defects 195

Diffusion-assisted Motion of Interfacial Defects 199

Martensitic Transformations 201

9.8 Dislocation Pile-ups 203

Further Reading 204

CHAPTER 10 Strength of Crystalline Solids 205

10.1 Introduction 205

10.2 Temperature- and Strain-Rate-Dependence of the Flow Stress 207

10.3 The Peierls Stress and Lattice Resistance 210

Dislocation Core Structure 210

The Peierls Barrier 213

Kink Mechanism 214

10.4 Interaction Between Point Defects and Dislocations 216

10.5 Solute Atmospheres and Yield Phenomena 220

Dislocation Locking 220

Yield Drop 224

Irradiation Hardening and Dislocation Channeling 227

10.6 The Flow Stress for Random Arrays of Obstacles 228

Diffuse Forces 229

Localized Forces 230

10.7 The Strength of Alloys 232

Solutions，Precipitates and Aging 232

Solution Strengthening 233

Precipitate Strengthening 235

10.8 Work Hardening 237

10.9 Deformation of Polycrystals 243

10.10 Dislocations and Fracture 245

Further Reading 248

THE SI SYSTEM OF UNITS 251

INDEX 253