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Introduction 1

0-1 The Study of Algorithms 1

0-2 The Development of Algorithmic Machines 5

0-3 Modern Machine Architecture 9

0-4 The Evolution of Computer Science 12

Additional Reading 14

PART ONE MACHINE ARCHITECTURE 15

Chapter 1 Data Storage 17

1-1 Main Memory 18

1-2 Mass Storage 23

1-3 Coding Information for Storage 29

1-4 The Binary System 33

1-5 Storing Integers 36

1-6 Storing Fractions 44

1-7 Communication Errors 47

Review Problems 52

Problems for the Programmer 55

Additional Reading 55

Chapter 2 Data Manipulation 57

2-1 The Central Processing Unit 58

2-2 The Stored-Program Concept 62

2-3 Program Execution 66

2-4 Other Architectures 71

2-5 Arithmetic/Logic Instructions 75

2-6 Computer/Peripheral Communication 80

Review Problems 85

Problems for the Programmer 88

Additional Reading 89

PART TWO SOFTWARE 91

Chapter 3 Operating Systems 93

3-1 Functions of Operating Systems 94

3-2 Virtual Characteristics and Abstraction 97

3-3 The Evolution of Operating Systems 99

3-4 Operating System Architecture 105

3-5 Rudiments of Time-Sharing 109

3-6 Resource Allocation 112

3-7 Getting It Started 116

3-8 A Closer Look at Networks 118

Review Problems 127

Problems for the Programmer 129

Additional Reading 130

Chapter 4 Algorithms 131

4-1 Definition 132

4-2 Algorithm Representation 133

4-3 Algorithm Discovery 142

4-4 Iterative Structures 148

4-5 Recursive Structures 158

4-6 Efficiency and Correctness 173

Review Problems 182

Problems for the Programmer 186

Additional Reading 186

Chapter 5 Programming Languages 187

5-1 Historical Perspective 188

5-2 Language Implementation 197

5-3 Programming Language Design 201

5-4 Procedural Language Components 206

5-5 Parallel Computing 229

5-6 Declarative Programming 232

Review Problems 238

Problems for the Programmer 241

Additional Reading 242

Chapter 6 Software Engineering 243

6-1 The Software Engineering Discipline 244

6-2 The Software Life Cycle 246

6-3 Modularity 250

6-4 Development Tools and Techniques 255

6-5 Documentation 261

Review Problems 263

Problems for the Programmer 266

Additional Reading 266

PART THREE DATA ORGANIZATION 267

Chapter 7 Data Structures 269

7-1 Arrays 270

7-2 Lists 273

7-3 Stacks 280

7-4 Queues 284

7-5 Trees 289

7-6 Abstract Data Types 298

7-7 Object-Oriented Programming 302

Review Problems 306

Problems for the Programmer 310

Additional Reading 310

Chapter 8 File Structures 311

8-1 Sequential Files 312

8-2 Text Files 317

8-3 Indexed Files 319

8-4 Hashed Files 324

8-5 The Role of the Operating System 330

Review Problems 332

Problems for the Programmer 334

Additional Reading 334

Chapter 9 Database Structures 335

9-1 General Issues 336

9-2 The Layered Approach to Database Implementation 339

9-3 The Relational Model 342

9-4 The Network Model 352

9-5 Object-Oriented Databases 360

9-6 Concurrency Control 363

Review Problems 368

Problems for the Programmer 372

Additional Reading 372

PART FOUR THE POTENTIAL OF ALGORITHMIC MACHINES 375

Chapter 10 Artificial Intelligence 377

10-1 Some Philosophical Issues 378

10-2 Image Analysis 382

10-3 Reasoning 384

10-4 Control System Activities 388

10-5 Using Heuristics 393

10-6 Artificial Neural Networks 399

10-7 Applications of Artif Icial Intelligence 405

Review Problems 412

Problems for the Programmer 415

Additional Reading 415

Chapter 11 Theory of Computation 417

11-1 A Bare Bones Programming Language 418

11-2 Turing Machines 424

11-3 Computable Functions 428

11-4 A Noncomputable Function 432

11-5 Complexity and Its Measure 437

11-6 Problem Classification 444

Review Problems 449

Problems for the Programmer 451

Additional Reading 452

Appendix A Popular Codes 454

Appendix B A Typical Machine Language 455

Appendix C Insertion Sort in Assembly Language 457

Appendix D Syntax Diagrams for Pascal 459

Appendix E The Equivalence of Loop and Recursive Structures 469

Appendix F Answers to Questions/Exercises 471

Index 499