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CHAPTER Ⅰ: Purpose of the inquiry 1

PART ONE HISTORY OF ASYLUM AND BASIS FOR ITS GRANT 3

CHAPTER Ⅱ. History of asylum 5

ASYLUM IN SACRED PLACES 5

FROM RELIGIOUS SANCTITY TO SOVEREIGNTY 15

LATER DEVELOPMENTS: POLITICAL ASYLUM 19

LATER DEVELOPMENTS: DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM 20

CHAPTER Ⅲ. Basis for the grant of asylum 50

A. LEGAL BASIS 50

1. International law 50

a. Territorial asylum 50

b. Non-territorial asylum 51

2. National law 51

B. EXTRA-LEGAL BASIS 51

PART TWO ASYLUM FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE INDIVIDUAL 59

CHAPTER Ⅳ. The Individual's position in international law with respect to asylum 61

a. The individual's international duties 66

b. The individual's international rights 66

c. The individual's right to petition before international organs 67

d. The individual's procedural ability and amenability before international organs 68

a. Views expressed recently by various governments on the nature of the right of asylum 70

b. Provision of asylum in national constitutions and legislation 72

c. Provision for non-extradition of political offenders in extradition treaties 72

a. Surrender not in pursuance of extradition treaty 74

b. Surrender in consequence of seizure on foreign territory by the officials of the state of origin 75

c. Surrender in consequence of mistake 76

CHAPTER Ⅴ. Asylum as a human right 89

CHAPTER Ⅵ. The international political refugee 95

WHO IS AN INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL REFUGEE? 95

1. Refugees specified 98

2. Refugee defined 99

REFUGEEHOOD AND STATELESSNESS 104

SOURCES OF LAW PERTAINING TO REFUGEES 105

a. Internal sources 105

b. International sources 105

TREATMENT OF REFUGEES 107

Admission 108

Non-expulsion (non-refoulement) 110

Exemption from reciprocity 111

Exemption from exceptional measures 112

Applicable law for determining refugee's personal status 112

Naturalization 113

Administrative assistance 113

Travel 114

a. Documents 114

b. Travel for activities other than economic 115

c. Travel for economic activities 115

Other rights and protection 115

DETERMINATION OF THE REFUGEE STATUS 116

TERMINATION OF THE REFUGEE STATUS 118

a. Repatriation 118

b. Migration 119

c. Assimilation 119

DEPENDENTS OF THE REFUGEE 123

REFUGEE AND EXTRADITION 124

ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS OF REFUGEES 126

INTERNATIONAL MACHINERY FOR PROTECTION OF REFUGEES 126

PART THREE ASYLUM FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF STATES 153

SUB-PART A. TERRITORIAL ASYLUM 153

CHAPTER Ⅶ. Rights and duties of states granting territorial asylum 155

RIGHT OF STATES TO GRANT TERRITORIAL ASYLUM 155

DUTIES OF STATES GRANTING TERRITORIAL ASYLUM 156

1. Duty to control the activities of the person to whom asylum is given 156

2. Duty with respect to extradition 157

3. Duty with respect to non-refoulement 159

CHAPTER Ⅷ. The political offense 170

GROWTH OF THE NOTION OF POLITICAL OFFENSE 170

MEANING OF POLITICAL OFFENSE 173

1. Act as part of an organized political activity 174

2. Act committed with predominantly political characteristics 175

3. Act justifying non-extradition in order to avoid political persecution 175

THE PROBLEM OF MIXED OFFENSES 177

1. The principle of predominant element 178

2. The principle of the attentat clause 178

3. The principle of the unqualified attentat clause 179

4. Murder 179

5. Anarchist offenses 180

6. Acts of communists 181

7. Brutality 181

8. Quislings, traitors, or collaborationists with the enemy 181

9. War criminals 183

10. Revolutionary activities 183

11. Offenses incident to flight from country 183

12. Murder and robbery 184

13. Robbery 184

14. Assault 184

15. Bombings 184

16. Bribery 185

17. Forgery 185

18. Genocide 185

19. Religious offenses 186

20. Terrorism 186

21. The Harvard Research approach 187

SUB-PART B. NON-TERRITORIAL ASYLUM 203

CHAPTER Ⅸ. The forms of non-territorial asylum 205

CHAPTER Ⅹ. Diplomatic asylum 207

A. THE PRINCIPLE OF EXTERRITORIALITY OF THE DIPLOMATIC PREMISES AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM 207

B. DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM 209

C. INTERNATIONAL CUSTOM AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM 209

1. Practice of states in Europe 211

2. Practice of the United Kingdom 212

3. Practice of the United States of America 214

4. Practice of states in Asia and Africa 218

5. Practice of states in South and Central America 218

Argentina 222

Bolivia 223

Brazil 224

Chile 224

Colombia 226

Costa Rica 227

Cuba 227

Dominican Republic 228

Ecuador 229

El Salvador 229

Guatemala 230

Haiti 231

Honduras 233

Mexico 233

Nicaragua 233

Panama 234

Paraguay 234

Peru 234

Uruguay 236

Venezuela 236

D. USAGE AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM 238

E. TREATY AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM 239

1. Treaty on international penal law 239

2. Convention on asylum 240

3. Convention on political asylum 240

4. Treaty on political asylum and refuge 240

5. Convention on diplomatic asylum 241

F. REGIONAL CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW AS A BASIS FOR DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM 244

CHAPTER Ⅺ. Consular asylum 263

CHAPTER Ⅻ. Maritime asylum 267

A. ASYLUM IN PUBLIC VESSELS 267

B. ASYLUM IN PRIVATE VESSELS 268

PART FOUR CONCLUSION 273

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ. Summary and conclusions 275

BIBLIOGRAPHY 283

INDEX 348