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1．Introduction．＆BY JAMES B．SUMENR AND KARL MYRBACK 1

Ⅰ．The Role of Enzymes 1

Ⅱ．Definitions 2

Ⅲ．Terminology and Classification 3

Ⅳ．Enzymes as Systems 6

Ⅴ．The Early History of Enaymes 6

Ⅵ．Some Discoveries and Theories of Fundamental Importance for the Modern Development of Enzyme Chemistry 8

Ⅶ．The Chemical Nature of Enzymes 19

Ⅷ．Geneeral Properties of Enzymes 21

Ⅸ．The Determination of Enzyme Activity 24

2．Physical Chemistry and Chemical Kinetics of Enzymes．＆BY E．A．MOELWYNE-HUGHES 28

Ⅰ．Determination of Molecular Weights of Enzymes 29

Ⅱ．Electrophoresis 42

Ⅲ．Catalysis 55

Ⅳ．Structure and Stability 69

3．Enzyme Specificity．＆BY BURCKHARDT HELFERICH 79

Ⅰ．Introduction 79

Ⅱ．Typical Examples of Specificity 82

Ⅲ．Specificity of Enzymes as a Basis for their Classification 104

Ⅳ．Localization of Specificity in the Enzyme Molecule 106

Ⅴ．Inferences about Enzyme Structure Drawn from Enzyme Specificity 109

Ⅵ．Summary and Further Development 111

4．Enzymes in Relation to Genes，Viruses，Hormones，Vitamins，and Chemotherapeutic Drug Action．＆BY M．G．SEVAG，J．S．GOTS，AND E．STEERS 115

Ⅰ．Genes and Enzymes 116

Ⅱ．Viruses and Enzymes 130

Ⅲ．The Relation of Hormones to Enzymes 139

Ⅳ．The Relation of Vitamins to Coenzymes 153

Ⅴ．Action of Chemotherapeutic Agents on Enzymes 157

5．Cytochemical Foundations of Enzyme Chemistry．＆BY A．L．DOUNCE 187

Ⅰ．Introduction 188

Ⅱ．Enzyme Chemistry of Cytoplasm as Deduced from Physicochemical Studies 189

Ⅲ．Studies of Cell Nuclei and Chromosomes Isolated by Physicochemical Procedures 207

Ⅳ．Studies of the Chemistry of Cell Components as Deduced from Special Physicochemical Techniques 234

Ⅴ．Histochemical Procedures 240

Ⅵ．Chemistry of Cell Surfaces 255

Ⅶ．Enzymes and Genes 258

Ⅷ．Summary and Conclusions 261

6．Modern Aspects of Enzymatic Adaptation．＆BY S．SPIEGELMAN 267

Ⅰ．Introduction 267

Ⅱ．Some Examples of Enzymatic Adaptation 268

Ⅲ．The Operational Description of Enzymatic Adaptation in Microorganisms and its Biological Signficance 271

Ⅳ．Enzymatic Constitution and Enzymatic Adaptation 276

Ⅴ．The Kinetics of Enzymatic Adaptation 279

Ⅵ．The Relation of Enzymatic Adaptation to Cellular Metabolism 281

Ⅶ．Interactions between Enzyme-Forming Systems 285

Ⅷ．Consequences of Competitive Interactions between Enzyme-Forming Systems 289

Ⅸ．The Stabilization of Enzymatic Patterns in the Absence of Substrate 294

Ⅹ．The Role of Substrate 296

Ⅺ．Specificity Relations in Enzymatic Adaptation 299

Ⅻ．Genetic Implications and＂Long Term Adaptation＂ 300

ⅩⅢ．Conclusion 305

7．Enzyme Inhibition．＆BY L．MASSART 307

Ⅰ．Introduction．Specific and Nonspecific Inhibition，Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition 307

Ⅱ．Kinetics of Specific Inhibition 310

Ⅲ．Compilation of Examples 317

Ⅳ．Influence of Radiations on Enzymes 340

8．Enzymes and Immunology．＆BY J．R．MARRACK 343

Ⅰ．Introduction 344

Ⅱ．Reactions between Antibodies and Antigens 345

Ⅲ．Specific Combination of Antigen and Antibody 350

Ⅳ．Effects of Disorganization of Molecules of Antigens and Antibodies 363

Ⅴ．Enzymes as Antigens 377

Ⅵ．Toxic Enzymes 383

Ⅶ．Complement 387

9．Enzymes Hydrolyzing Fats and Esters．＆BY ROBERT AMMON AND MAIRE JAARMA 390

Ⅰ．Classification of the Esterases and Remarks on the Organization of the Field 390

Ⅱ．Brief Survey of Methods of Determination and of Esterase Preparations 391

Ⅲ．The Individual Esterases 396

10．Acetylcholine Esterase and Cholinesterase．＆BY KLAS-BERTIL AUGUSTINSSON 443

Ⅰ．Introduction 444

Ⅱ．Existence of Specific Esterases for Acetylcholine and Other Choline Esters 445

Ⅲ．Measurement of Activity 448

Ⅳ．Occurrence of Acetylcholine Esterase and Cholinesterase 451

Ⅴ．Enzyme Preparations 455

Ⅵ．Activators and Nature of the Active Groups 456

Ⅶ．Kinetics 458

Ⅷ．Inhibitors 462

Ⅸ．Physiological Significance of Acetylcholine-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 469

11．Phosphatases．＆BY JEAN ROCHE 473

Ⅰ．Historical Introduction 474

Ⅱ．General Biochemistry of the Phosphatases 475

Ⅲ．Biochemistry of the Various Types of Phosphatases 484

Ⅳ．Physiological Chemistry of the Phosphatases 498

Ⅴ．Pathological Chemistry of the Phosphatases 506

Ⅵ．General Conclusions 510

12．Metaphosphate and its Enzymatic Breakdown．＆BY BJORN LNGELMAN 511

Ⅰ．Introduction 511

Ⅱ．Enzymatic Breakdown of Metaphosphate 511

Ⅲ．Occurrence of Metaphosphate in Microorganisms 514

13．Sulfatases．＆BY CLAUDE FROMAGEOT 517

Ⅰ．Introduction 517

Ⅱ．Phenolsulfatase 518

Ⅲ．Glucosulfatase 521

Ⅳ．Chondrosulfatase 523

Ⅴ．Myrosulfatase 525

14．Invertase．＆BY CARL NEUBERG AND INES MANDL 527

Ⅰ．Historical 527

Ⅱ．Occurrence 528

Ⅲ．Separation 531

Ⅳ．Properties 535

Ⅴ．Stability 536

Ⅵ．Configuration 541

Ⅶ．Specificity 542

Ⅷ．Mechanism of Invertase Action 546

Ⅸ．Kinetics 548

Ⅹ．Activity 549

Ⅺ．Technical preparations and Applications 550

15．ɑ-D-Glucosidases．＆BY ALFRED GOTTSCHALK 551

Ⅰ．Mode of Contact between Enzyme and ɑ-D-Glycoside 551

Ⅱ．Maltases 553

Ⅲ．Glucosaccharase 557

Ⅳ．Trehalase 580

16．β-Glucosidase．＆BY STIG VEIBEL 583

Ⅰ．Occurrence 584

Ⅱ．Preparation and Purification 584

Ⅲ．Standardization 590

Ⅳ．Specificity 593

Ⅴ．Inactivation 617

Ⅵ．Enzymatic Synthesis 618

17．Hydrolysis of Galactosides，Mannosides，and Thioglycosides．＆BY STIG VEIBEL 621

Ⅰ．α-Galatosidase 621

Ⅱ．β-Galactosidase 623

Ⅲ．α-Mannosidase 630

Ⅳ．β-Mannosidase 633

Ⅴ．Thioglucosidase 633

18．β-Glucuronidase．＆BY WILLIAM H．FISHMAN 635

Ⅰ．Introduction 635

Ⅱ．Properties of Glucuronidases 637

Ⅲ．Physiological Role of β-Glucuronidase 646

Ⅳ．Implications in Human Cancer 651

Ⅴ．Summary 652

19．Amylases and the Hydrolysis of Starch and Glycogen．＆BY KARL MYRBACK AND GUNNAR NEUMULLER 653

Ⅰ．The Substrates 654

Ⅱ．Enzymatic Degradation of Starch and Glycogen 664

Ⅲ．Chemical Nature of Amylases 676

Ⅳ．Amylase Inhibitors in Cereals 702

Ⅴ．Mechanism of Amylase Action 703

Ⅵ．Action of Amylases on Raw Starch 720

Ⅶ．Amylase of Bacillus macerans 721