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CHAPTER Ⅰ．ATOMIC NUCLEI AND RADIOACTIVITY 1

1．Introductory Remarks 1

2．General Properties of Atomic Nuclei 1

A．Nuclear Terminology 1

B．Systematics of Nuclei 3

C．Radioactivity 9

CHAPTER Ⅱ．PRODUCTION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES 16

1．Nuclear Reactions 16

2．Neutron-Induced Transmutations 19

A．General Remarks 19

B．Neutron Sources 21

C．Neutron Reactions 22

3．Deuteron-Induced Transmutations 25

A．General Remarks 25

B．Deuteron Reactions 27

4．Target Techniques and Radiochemistry 30

A．Target Chemistry 30

B．Specific Activity 33

C．Separation of Isotopes by the Szilard-Chalmers Process 34

D．Survey of Radio Chemistry 36

CHAPTER Ⅲ．RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF TRACER ATOMS 42

1．Introduction 42

2．β Radiations 43

A．The Nature of β Radiations 43

B．The Energy Distribution of β Particles 44

C．The Absorption of β Particles 47

D．Remarks on Scattering of β Particles 51

3．γ Radiations 52

A．Nature of γ Radiation 52

B．Interaction of γ Radiation with Matter 53

CHAPTER Ⅳ．PROCEDURES FOR RADIOACTIVE ASSAY 58

1．Basic Phenomena 58

2．Basic Instruments 60

A．General Remarks 60

B．Internal Amplification Mechanism-The G-M Tube 62

C．Amplification Mechanisms External to Ionization Chambers 66

D．Construction and Operation of G-M Tube Counters 70

E．Corrections in Radioactive Assay with G-M Tube Counters 82

F．Statistics of G-M Tube Counting 86

G．Standards in Radioactive Assay and Determination of Tracer Intensity 89

3．Radiation Hazards 92

CHAPTER Ⅴ．SURVEY OF TRACER METHODOLOGY 95

1．The Significance of Tracer Methods for Biology 95

2．Biochemical Applications 97

A．Studies in Intermediary Metabolism 97

B．Analysis by Isotope Dilution Methods 112

3．Physiological Applications 118

A．Permeability Studies 118

B．Metabolic Turnover 120

C．Transport Studies 124

4．Radiation Effects in Organisms 125

CHAPTER Ⅵ．RADIOACTIVE HYDROGEN(TRITIUM H3) 127

1．Preparation and Properties 127

2．Assay of Tritium 124

3．Tritium as a Tracer for Hydrogen 138

4．Tritium as an Auxiliary Tracer for Carbon 138

CHAPTER Ⅶ．SHORT-LIVED RADIOACTIVE CARBON(C11) 148

1．Preparation and Properties 148

2．Assay of C11 151

3．C11 as a Tracer Isotope 152

4．The Use of C11 in Tracer Experiments 153

A．Special Syntheses Involving C11 153

B．Tracer Researches with C11 161

CHAPTER Ⅷ．LONG-LIVED RADIOACTIVE CARBON(C14) 168

1．Preparation and Properties 168

2．Assay of C14 172

3．Applications of C14 as a Tracer for Carbon 176

4．Concluding Remarks and Preamble to Succeeding Chapters 183

CHAPTER Ⅸ．RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS(P32) 184

1．Production，Preparation and Assay 184

2．Use of P32 as a Tracer 187

A．General Remarks 187

B．Absorption and Excretion of Phosphorus 187

C．Transport of Phosphorus in Plants 188

D．Metabolism of Phosphorus Compounds 188

CHAPTER Ⅹ．RADIOACTIVE SULFUR(S35) 201

1．Preparation，Properties and Assay 201

2．Tracer Applications of S35 205

A．Synthesis of Labeled Methionine 205

B．Biological Conversion of Labeled Methionine to Labeled Taurine 208

C．Protein Turnover as Indicated with Labeled Methionine 209

D．Reversibility of Cysteine and Cystine Decomposition 210

E．Distribution of Sulfur in Animals and Plants 212

CHAPTER Ⅺ．ALKALI METAL AND ALKALINE EARTH TRACERS 213

1．General Survey of Alkali Metal Tracers 213

2．Preparation，Properties and Assay of Alkali Metal Tracers 215

A．Radioactive Sodium 215

B．Radioactive Potassium 217

3．The Alkaline Earth Tracers-Calcium and Strontium 218

CHAPTER Ⅻ．TRACER ISOTOPES OF HALOGENS 221

1．Fluorine 221

2．Chlorine 222

3．Bromine 224

4．Iodine 229

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．VARIOUS RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES OF IMPORTANCE IN BIOLOGY 235

1．Manganese 235

2．Iron 237

A．Tracer Researches 237

B．Tracer Isotopes 239

3．Cobalt 241

4．Copper 243

5．Zinc 244

6．Arsenic 246

7．Silver，Gold and Mercury 249

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES AND MEDCIAL APPLICATIONS 251

1．Introduction 251

2．Visualization and Localization Techniques 251

A．The Radioautograph 251

B．External Exploration Techniques 257

3．Applications to Radiation Therapy 259

A．Introductory Remarks 259

B．Radiation Therapy with Radioactive Phosphorus 260

C．Radiation Therapy with Radioactive Iodine 261

D．Biochemical Aspects of Radiation Therapy 262

4．Other Medical Applications 263

INDEX 265