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CHAPTER Ⅰ．PHYLUM PROTOZOA 1

1．00．Class Mastigophora(Flagellata) 1

1．10．Subclass Phytomastigina 1

1．11．Order Euglenoidida—Euglena 1

1．12．Order Dinoflagellida—Ceratium 4

1．13．Order Phytomonadida(Volvocina)—Chlamydomonas 5

1．20．Subclass Zoomastigina 7

1．21．Order Protomonadida—Trypanosoma 7

2．00．Class Sarcodina(Rhizopoda) 9

2．01．Order Lobosa(Amoebina)—Amoeba 9

Order Lobosa(Amoebina)—Entamocba 11

2．02．Order Heliozoa—Actinosphaerium 12

2．03．Order Foraminifera—Polystomella 14

2．04．Order Radiolaria—Sphaerozoum 16

3．00．Class Sporozoa 18

3．10．Subclass Telosporidia 18

3．11．Order Gregarinida—Monocystis 18

3．12．Order Coccidia—Eimeria 20

3．13．Order Haemosporidia—Plasmodium 22

4．00．Class Infusoria(Ciliophora) 25

4．10．Subclass Protociliata 25

4．11．Order Opalinata—Opalina 25

4．20．Subclass Euciliata 27

4．21．Order Holotrichida—Paramecium 27

4．22．Order Heterotrichida—Nyctotherus 30

4．23．Order Peritrichida—Vorticella 32

Appendix to the Protozoa 34

CHAPTER Ⅱ．PHYLUM PORIFERA 38

1．00．Class Calcarea 38

1．01．Order Hcterocoela—Sycon 38

2．00．Class Demospongiae 40

2．01．Order Monaxonida—Ephydatia 40

2．02．Order Keratosa—Euspongia(Spongia) 43

Appendix to the Porifera 45

CHAPTER Ⅲ．PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES 47

1．00．Class Turbellaria 47

1．01．Order Acoela—Convoluta 47

1．02．Order Rhabdocoela—Mesostoma 50

1．03．Order Polycladida—Leptoplana 52

1．04．Order Tricladida—Dendrocoelum 54

1．05．Order Temnocephalida—Temnocephala 58

2．00．Class Trematoda 60

2．10．Subclass Heterocotylea(Monogenea) 60

2．11．Order Polyopisthocotylea—Polystomum 60

2．20．Subclass Malacocotylea(Digenea) 64

2．21．Order Prosostomata—Fasciola 64

Order Prosostomata—Schistosoma(Bilharzia) 67

3．00．Class Cestoda 69

3．10．Subclass Merozoa 69

3．11．Order Pseudophyllidea—Diphyllobothrium(Dibothriocephalus) 70

3．12．Order Cyclophyllidea—Taenia 73

Appendix to the Platyhelminthes 75

CHAPTER Ⅳ．PHYLUM COELENTERATA 78

1．00．Class Actinozoa(Anthozoa) 78

1．10．Subclass Alcyonaria 78

1．11．Order Alcyonacea—Alcyonium 79

1．12．Order Gorgonacea—Gorgcnia 81

1．13．Order Pennatulacea—Pennatula 84

1．20．Subclass Zoantharia 86

1．21．Order Actiniaria—Actinia 86

1．22．Order Madreporaria—Astrangia 90

2．00．Class Hydrozoa(Hydromedusae) 94

2．01．Order Gymnoblastea(Anthomedusae)—Bougainvillea 94

Order Gymnoblastea(Anthomedusae)—Hydra 97

2．02．Order Calyptoblastea(Leptomedusae)—Obelia 100

2．03．Order Trachylina—Gonionemus 104

2．04．Order Siphonophora—Physalia 106

3．00．Class Scyphomedusae(Scyphozoa) 109

3．01．Order Stauromedusae—Haliclystus 109

3．02．Order Discomedusae—Aurelia 111

Appendix to the Coelenterata 116

CHAPTER Ⅴ．PHYLUM CTENOPHORA 118

1．00．Class Tentaculata 118

1．01．Order Cydippida—Pleurobrachia 118

2．00．Class Nuda 121

2．01．Order Beroida—Beroe 121

CHAPTER Ⅵ．PHYLUM NEMERTEA 124

1．00．Class Enopla 124

1．01．Order Hoplonemertini—Amphiporus 124

1．02．Order Bdellonemertini—Malacobdella 127

CHAPTER Ⅶ．PHYLUM NEMATODA 130

0．01．Order Ascaroidea—Rhabditis 130

Order Ascaroidea—Ascaris 133

0．02．Order Strongyloidea—Ancylostoma 136

0．03．Order Trichinelloidea—Trichinella 140

Appendix to the Nematoda 142

CHAPTER Ⅷ．PHYLUM ACANTHOCEPHALA—Macracanthorhynchus(Echinorhynchus) 144

CHAPTER Ⅸ．PHYLUM ROTIFERA 148

0．01．Order Monogonata—Hydatina(Epiphanes) 148

Appendix to the Rotifera 151

CHAPTER Ⅹ．PHYLUM ENDOPROCTA—Pedicellina 153

CHAPTER Ⅺ．PHYLUM ECTOPROCTA 156

0．01．Order Gymnolaemata—Bugula 156

0．02．Order Phylactolaemata—Pectinatella 158

Appendix to the Ectoprocta 161

CHAPTER Ⅻ．PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA 162

0．01．Order Ecardines—Lingula 162

0．02．Order Testicardines—Terebratlla 165

Appendix to the Brachiopoda 169

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ．PHYLUM CHAETOGNATHA—Sagitta 170

Appendix to the Chaetognatha 172

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ．PHYLUM ANNELIDA 174

1．00．Class Chaetopoda 174

1．01．Order Polychaeta—Nereis 174

Order Polychaeta—Arenicola 178

Order Polychaeta—Amphitrite 183

Order Polychaeta—Sabella 185

1．02．Order Oligochaeta—Lumbricus 186

Order Oligochaeta—Enchytraeus 193

2．00．Class Hirudinea 196

Class Hirudinea—Hirudo 196

3．00．Class Gephyrea 201

3．01．Order Echiuroidea—Bonellia 201

3．02．Order Sipunculoidea—Sipunculus 203

Appendix to the Annelida 205

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ．PHYLUM ARTHROPODA 208

1．00．Class Onychophora 208

Class Onychophora—Peripatus 208

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ．PHYLUM ARTHROPODA(continued) 212

2．00．Class Crustacea 212

2．10．Subclass Branchiopoda 212

2．11．Order Anostraca—Eubranchipus 212

2．12．Order Notostraca—Apus 216

2．13．Order Cladocera—Daphnia 219

2．20．Subclass Copepoda 223

2．21．Order Eucopepoda—Cyclops 223

2．30．Subclass Cirripedia 227

2．31．Order Thoracica—Lepas 227

2．40．Subclass Malacostraca 231

2．41．Order Leptostraca—Nebalia 231

2．42．Order Mysidacea—Mysis 234

2．43．Order Isopoda—Oniscus 236

2．44．Order Amphipoda—Gammarús 239

2．45．Order Decapoda—Astacus 242

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ．PHYLUM ARTHROPODA(continued) 251

3．00．Class Myriapoda 251

3．01．Order Chilopoda—Lithobius 251

3．02．Order Dipiopoda—Iulus 255

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ．PHYLUM ARTHROPODA(continued) 257

4．00．Class insecta 257

4．10．Subclass Apterygota 257

4．11．Order Thysanura—Petrobius(Machilis) 257

4．12．Order Collembola—Tomocerus 260

4．20．Subclass Exopterygota(Heterometabola) 263

4．21．Order Orthoptera—Blatta 263

4．22．Order Isoptera—Termes 270

4．23．Order Ephemeroptera—Ephemera 273

4．24．Order Odonata—Libellua 276

4．25．Order Hemiptera—Cicada(Tibicen) 279

Order Hemiptera—Cimex 283

4．26．Order Anoplura(Siphunculata)—Peaicuh 285

4．30．Subclass Endopterygota(Holometabola) 287

4．31．Order Trichoptera—Phryganea 287

4．32．Order Lepidoptera—Pieris 290

4．33．Order Coleoptera—Melolontha 294

4．34．Order Hymenoptera—Apis 297

4．35．Order Diptera—Culex 302

Order Diptera—Calliphora 306

4．36．Order Aphaniptera(Siphonaptera)—Pulex 309

CHAPTER ⅩⅨ．PHYLUM ARTHROPODA(continued) 313

5．00．Class Arachnida 313

5．10．Subclass Delobranchiata 313

5．11．Order Xiphosura—Limulus 313

5．20．Subclass Embolobranchiata 316

5．21．Order Scorpionida—Centrurus 317

5．22．Order Araneida—Eurypelma 319

5．23．Order Phalangida(Opilionida)—Phalangium 323

5．24．Order Acarina—Ixodes 326

5．30．Subclass Pycnogonida 329

Subclass Pycnogonida—Nymphon 329

Appendix to the Arthropoda 331

CHAPTER ⅩⅩ．PHYLUM MOLLUSCA 336

1．00．Class Amphineura 336

1．01．Order Polyplacophora—Ischnochiton 337

2．00．Class Gastropoda 341

2．01．Order Prosobranchia(Streptoneura)—Haliotis 342

Order Prosobranchia(Streptoneura)—Buccinum 346

2．02．Order Opisthobranchia—Aplysia 353

Order Opisthobranchia—Clione 360

2．03．Order Pulmonata—Helix 363

Order Pulmonata—Limax 369

3．00．Class Pelecypoda(Lamellibranchia) 375

3．01．Order Protobranchia—Yoldia 375

3．02．Order Filibranchia—Mytilus 379

Order Filibranchia—Pecten 384

3．03．Order Eulamellibranchia—Anodonta 390

Order Eulamellibranchia—Teredo 396

4．00．Class Cephalopoda 398

4．01．Order Dibranchia—Loligo 399

Appendix to the Mollusca 410

CHAPTER ⅩⅪ．PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA 412

1．00．Class Crinoidea 412

1．01．Order Articulata—Antedon 412

2．00．Class Asteroidea 416

2．01．Order Forcipulata—Asterias 416

3．00．Class Ophiuroidea 421

3．01．Order Ophiurae—Ophioderma 421

4．00．Class Echinoidea 424

4．01．Order Endocyclica—Echinus 424

4．02．Order Clypeastroida—Echinarachnius 431

4．03．Order Spatangoida—Echinocardium 433

5．00．Class Holothurioidea 435

5．01．Order Pedata—Cucumaria 436

Appendix to the Echinodermata 442

CHAPTER ⅩⅫ．PHYLUM CHORDATA 444

1．00．Class Hemichorda 444

1．01．Order Enteropneusta—Dolichoglossus 444

2．00．Class Urochorda(Tunicata) 446

2．10．Subclass Larvacea 446

2．11．Order Endostylophora—Oikopleura 447

2．20．Subclass Ascidiacea 449

2．21．Order Enterogona—Ciona 450

2．30．Subclass Thaliacea 455

2．31．Order Pyrosomatida—Pyrosoma 455

2．32．Order Salpida—Salpa 458

2．33．Order Doliolida—Doliolum 461

3．00．Class Cephalochorda 465

3．01．Order Branchiostomida—Amphioxus(Branchiostoma) 465

Appendix to the Chordata 470

General References 471

General Appendix 472

Index of Authors 475

General Index 477