Evolution Of Mammalian Molar Teethpdf电子书版本下载

点此进入-本书在线PDF格式电子书下载【推荐-云解压-方便快捷】直接下载PDF格式图书。移动端-PC端通用
种子下载[BT下载速度快] 温馨提示：（请使用BT下载软件FDM进行下载）软件下载地址页 直链下载[便捷但速度慢]   [在线试读本书]   [在线获取解压码]

Evolution Of Mammalian Molar TeethPDF格式电子书版下载

下载的文件为RAR压缩包。需要使用解压软件进行解压得到PDF格式图书。

建议使用BT下载工具Free Download Manager进行下载,简称FDM(免费,没有广告,支持多平台）。本站资源全部打包为BT种子。所以需要使用专业的BT下载软件进行下载。如 BitComet qBittorrent uTorrent等BT下载工具。迅雷目前由于本站不是热门资源。不推荐使用！后期资源热门了。安装了迅雷也可以迅雷进行下载！

（文件页数 要大于 标注页数，上中下等多册电子书除外）

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

INTRODUCTION 1

CLASSIFICATION OF THE MAMMALIA ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK 11

CHAPTER Ⅰ．THE TRANSITION FROM THE REPTILIAN TO THE MOST PRIMITIVE MAMMALIAN TEETH 18

1．The Upper Triassic Mammals Dromatherium and Microcondon 18

2．A new classification of the Mesozoic Mammals 21

3．Illustrations of the chief Triconodonta and Trituberculata 24

4．The origin of the tritubercular type sought in 1888 among the Mesozoic Mammalia 31

CHAPTER Ⅱ．FIRST OUTLINE OF TRITUBERCULAR EVOLUTION IN MAMMALS 36

CHAPTER Ⅲ．TRITUBERCULY IN RELATION TO THE HUMAN MOLAR TEETH AND THE PRIMATES 48

1．Ontogenetic development of the teeth 48

2．＂The history of the cusps of the human molar teeth＂ 55

The concresence theory 57

Mechanical relations of the upper and lower teeth 60

Evidence that the upper human molars were triangular 62

CHAPTER Ⅳ．TRITUBERCULY IN ITS APPLICATION TO THE MOLAR TEETH OF THE UNGULATES OR HOOFED MAMMALS．COMPLETION OF THE NOMENCLATURE 66

1．Disadvantages of previous systems of nomenclature of the molar cusps 66

2．Methods of analysis of molar elements．Nomenclature of the molars of Ungulates 66

3．Application of the theory of trituberculy to the Perissodactyla 72

The horse molar 72

The rhinoceros molar 72

CHAPTER Ⅴ．TRITUBERCULY：A REVIEW DEDICATED TO THE LATE PROFESSOR COPE 74

Polybuny 74

Comparison of nomenclatures 76

Tritubercular homologies 77

The early stages of sexituberculy 80

Lower molars 80

The nomenclature of the molar cusps and crests 82

The evolution of the Ungulate molar 83

CHAPTER Ⅵ．CHRONOLOGICAL OR GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF MOLAR TYPES 91

1．Reptilian Ancestors of Mammals in the Trias 91

2．The Triassic Mammals 94

3．Mammals of the Jurassic 94

4．Upper Cretaceous Mammals 95

5．Basal Eocene Mammals 98

6．Lower Eocene Mammals 98

Résumé of Geological Succession of Types 99

CHAPTER Ⅶ．THE ORIGINAL OR PRIMITIVE STRUCTURE OF THE MOLAR TEETH IN THE DIFFERENT ORDERS OF MAMMALS 100

The major classification of the Mammalia 100

Protodonta 101

Allotheria or Multituberculata 101

Monotremata 105

Marsupialia 108

Molar teeth of Multituberculates，Marsupials(？)，and Placentals in the Upper Cretaceous 115

Insectivora 117

Cheiroptera 129

Carnivora 131

Evolution of carnasial teeth in Creodonta and Fissipedia 135

Convergence of upper carnassials in Creodonta and Fissipedia 138

Fissipedia 142

Rodentia 144

Simplicidentata 145

Duplicidentata 148

Tillodontia 151

Superorder Ungulata 163

Amblypoda 164

Condylarthra 168

Artiodactyla 171

Perissodactyla 174

Chalicotheroidea or Ancylopoda 184

Hyracoidea 185

Proboscidea 186

Sirenia 188

South American Ungulates 189

Cetacea 190

Zeuglodontia 191

CHAPTER Ⅷ．EVOLUTION OF THE PREMOLARS 193

Premolars in primitive Mammals 193

Adaptation of premolars 194

Various upper premolar types 194

Cusp addition in the premolars 195

Superior premolars 195

Inferior premolars 198

CHAPTER Ⅸ．OBJECTIONS AND DIFFICULTIES，AND OTHER THEORIES 201

Ⅰ．That the tritubercular type is not primitive 201

1．The plexodont or progressive simplification theory of Ameghino 201

2．Objections by Fleischmann and Mahn answered by Scott 204

3．The primitive polybuny theory 205

Ⅱ．That the Cope-Osborn theory of the origin of the superior molars in incorrect 208

1．Cusp homologies founded on embryogeny 208

Order of embryonic cusp-development in Insectivora 210

Summary of Woodward＇s conclusion 212

Ontogenetic order according to Marett Tims 213

The premolar analogy theory 215

Palaeontological difficulties in the premolar analogy theory 217

Gidley＇s restudy(1906)of Jurassic-Mammals supports embryogeny and the premolar analogy theory 219

Addendum：the＂trituberculy＂of Zalambdodonts a secondary acquirement or＂pseudo-trituberculy＂ 225

Conclusion 227

CHAPTER Ⅹ．RECTIGRADATIONS IN THE TEETH 229

Homoplasy as a law of latent or potential homology 229

Homology 237

Lankester＇s reply to the preceding article 238

BIBLIOGRAPHY 240