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1．Geographic Prologue 3

2．Pre-Islamie Politics and Society in the Middle East 10

PART Ⅰ．THE RISE AND SPREAD OF ISLAM 27

3．Muhammad：His Life and Leadership 29

4．The Establishment of the Muslim State 44

5．Islam 58

6．The Spread and Organization of the Muslim Empire under the Umayyads 69

7．The Flowering of the Muslim World under the Abbasids 83

8．Muslim Theology and Law 97

9．Muslim Culture 111

10．The End of Medieval Islam 133

PART Ⅱ．THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 147

11．The Byzantine Empire 149

12．Early Turkish States of Asia Minor 161

13．Ottoman Origins and Early Institutions 171

14．The Winning of the Ottoman Empire 182

15．Building the Ottoman Empire 195

16．Institutions of the Ottoman Empire 208

17．The Ottoman Empire as a World Power 218

18．A Century of Stagnation and Decay 235

19．The Decline and Retreat of the Ottoman Empire 246

PART Ⅲ．EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST 259

20．The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon 261

21．Mahmud Ⅱ—Nationalism and Reform 269

22．Muhammad Ali and the Development of Modern Egypt 279

23．European Ambitions and Diplomacy in the Middle East 295

24．From Tanzimat to the Constitution 315

25．Abdul Hamid Ⅱ and Despotism 325

26．The Young Turks 338

27．Arab Nationalism 350

PART Ⅳ．THE CONTEMPORARY MIDDLE EAST 359

28．Impact of World War I upon the Middle East 361

29．The Middle East at the Paris Peace Conference 376

30．The Turkish Republic under Atatürk 390

31．The Fertile Crescent under the Mandate System 407

32．Palestine and Transjordan 427

33．Egypt and the Sudan 448

34．Shah Reza＇s Iran 464

35．World War Ⅱ and the Middle East 476

36．Turkey Becomes a Democracy 492

37．Iran—Nationalism Versus Imperialism 504

38．Oil and Arabia 524

39．The Arab Crescent and the Arab League 549

40．The Partition of Palestine：Israel and Hashimite Jordan 577

41．The Advent of the Egyptian Republic 608

42．World Interest in the Middle East 644

Index 650