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Introduction：Axial Age,the Golden Age ofHuman Wisdom 1

Unit One A Long and Hot Debate about the Birth of the World 9

Unit Two Two Views Concerning Cultural Studies 17

Section One：Cultural Relativism 17

Section Two：Cultural Imperialism 21

Unit Three Cultural Traditions and Roots 29

Section One：Theology 29

Section Two：Philosophy 34

Section Three：Science 47

Unit Four Time and History in the Context of Culture 57

Section One：Ancient History of the World 57

Section Two：The Middle Ages 65

Section Three：Modern History 75

Section Four：Contemporary Time 86

Unit Five Compositions and Elements of Culture 99

Section One：Faith,a Spiritual Pillar of a Person 99

Section Two：Language,An Important Element of Culture 104

Section Three：Mythology,an Area of Human Imagination 117

Section Four：Institution 124

Section Five：Norms,Code of Conduct for Human Society 132

Unit Six Powerful and Pervasive Ideas 139

Section One：Colonialism,a Propelling Force of the West 139

Section Two：Capitalism,a Magic Power of the West 147

Section Three：Communism,the Highest Ideal of Mankind 158

Section Four：Constitutionalism,the Idea of Rule ofLaw 166

Section Five：Nationalism,a Theoretic Foundation of Nation-State 172

Unit Seven Great Ideas Spread Through Great Books 183

Section One：Analects,a Collection of Wisdom ofChina 183

Section Two：The Bible,the Holy Scripture in the World 189

SectionThree：Quran,theHoly Scripture of Islam 197

SectionFour：Buddhist Texts 207

Unit Eight An Eventful Human History 219

Section One：The Roman Empire 219

Section Two：Heliocentricism 233

Section Three：The Crusades 242

Section Four：Mongol Conquests 253

Section Five：Columbus and His Significant Voyages 257

Section Six：The Ottoman Empire 265

Section Seven：The Founding of the United States of America 275

Section Eight：The Opium Wars 287

Section Nine：The United Nations,an Instrument for Peace 295

Unit Nine Milestone Figures For Human History 307

Section One：Abraham,Father of Three Major Religions 307

Section Two：Jesus Christ,God for Christians 313

Section Three：Muhammad,Prophet of Muslims 322

Section Four：Shakyamuni,the Buddha of Buddhist Adherents 331

Section Five：Confucius,a Holy Figure of Traditional China 340

Section Six：Socrates,Founding Father of Western Philosophy 350

Section Seven：Sir Isaac Newton,a Towering Scientist 360

Section Eight：Karl Marx,a Profound Thinker Who Changed the World 370

Section Nine：Albert Einstein,a Modern Isaac Newton 378

Unit Ten A Study of Civilizational History of the World 387

Section One：The Ancient Egyptian Civilization 390

Section Two：The Andes Civilization 391

Section Three：Ancient Chinese Civilization 391

Section Four：Minoan Civilization 392

Section Five：Sumer Civilization 393

Section Six：Maya Civilization 394

Section Seven：History of Ancient India 396

Section Eight：Hittites,Ancient Anatolian People 397

Section Nine：Ancient Greek Civilization 398

Section Ten：The Western or Occidental Civilization 399

Section Eleven：The Eastern Orthodox Church Civilization 400

Section Twelve：FarEastern Civilization Ring 401

Section Thirteen：Orthodox Christian Civilization 402

Section Fourteen：The Ancient Persian Civilization 403

Section Fifteen：Islamic Civilization At its Golden Age 404

Section Sixteen：Hindu Civilization 405

Section Seventeen：The Mexica 406

Section Eighteen：Yucatec Maya Civilization 407

Section Nineteen：Ancient Babylonian Civilization 407

Unit Eleven A Possible Form of a Future Global Culture 409

Section Ohe：Cultural Implications of Cultural Diversity 409

Section Two：Cultural,Social and Political Implications of UNESCO Universal Declaralion on Cultural Diversity 416