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CONTENTSAbbreviations viiiPreface xiSection A-Brain cells 1

A1 Neuron structure 1

A2 Classes and numbers of neurons 4

A3 Morphology of chemical synapses 7

A4 Glial cells and myelination 10

A5 Blood-brain barrier 13

Section B-Foundations of electrophysiology 15

B1 Resting potentials 15

B2 Action potentials 19

B3 Voltage-dependent ion channels 22

B4 Molecular biology of sodium and potassium channels 26

B5 Action potential conduction 31

C1 Overview of synaptic function 35

Section C-Synapse function 35

C2 Fast neurotransmission 38

C3 Slow neurotransmission 43

C4 Receptor molecular biology 48

C5 Neurotransmitter release 53

C6 Voltage-dependent calcium channels 59

C7 Neurotransmitter inactivation 61

C8 Autoreceptors 64

Section D-Neural integration 67

D1 Properties of neurites 67

D2 Spatial and temporal summation 72

Section E-Elements of neuroanatomy 75

E1 Organization of the peripheral nervous system 75

E2 Organization of the central nervous system 81

E3 Neuroanatomical techniques 88

E4 Brain imaging 91

E5 Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid 95

Section F-Neural coding 99

F1 Information representation by neurons 99

F2 Intensity and time coding 101

F3 Stimulus localization 104

F4 Stimulus quality 107

Section G-Somatosensory systems 111

G1 Cutaneous sensory receptors 111

G2 Dorsal column pathways for touch sensations 116

G3 Anterolateral systems and descending control of pain 120

G4 Sense of balance 126

H1 Attributes of vision 131

Section H-Vision 131

H2 Eye and visual pathways 135

H3 Retina 141

H4 Phototransduction 146

H5 Retinal processing 150

H6 Early visual processing 156

H7 Parallel processing in the visual system 161

Section I-Auditory neuroscience 167

I1 Acoustics and audition 167

I2 Anatomy and physiology of the ear 169

I3 Peripheral auditory processing 173

I4 CentraI auditory processing 175

Section J-Chemical senses：smell and taste 181

J1 Olfactory receptor neurons 181

J2 Olfactory pathways 183

J3 Taste 186

J4 Gustatory pathways 189

Section K-Motor function：muscle and cortex 191

K1 Skeletal muscles and excitation-contraction coupling 191

K2 Motor units and motor pools 197

K3 Elementary motor reflexes 202

K4 Spinal motor function 209

K5 Brainstem postural reflexes 215

K6 Cortical control of voluntary movement 221

K7 Motor disorders 229

Section L-Cerebellum and basal ganglia 233

L1 Anatomy of the cerebellum 233

L2 Cerebellar cortical circuitry 237

L3 Functional subdivisions of the cerebellum 240

L4 Cerebellar function 246

L5 Anatomy of the basal ganglia 250

L6 Basal ganglia function 254

L7 Oculomotor control 258

Section M-Neuroendocrinology and autonomic functions 265

M1 Anatomy and connections of the hypothalamus 265

M2 Posterior pituitary function 270

M3 Neuroendocrine control of metabolism and growth 274

M4 Neuroendocrine control of reproduction 283

M5 Smooth and cardiac muscle 288

M6 Autonomic nervous system function 292

M7 Central control of autonomic function 299

Section N-Diffuse monoamine transmission 305

N1 Dopamine neurotransmission 305

N2 Norepinephrine neurotransmission 309

N3 Serotonin neurotransmission 313

N4 Acetylcholine neurotransmission 316

Section O-Brain and behavior 319

O1 Motivation 319

O2 Control of feeding 324

O3 Brain biological clocks 329

O4 Sleep 333

Section P-Developmental neurobiology 339

P1 Early patterning of the nervous system 339

P2 Cell determination 346

P3 Cortical development 351

P4 Axon pathfinding 355

P5 Synaptogenesis and developmental plasticity 360

P6 Neurotrophic factors 365

P7 Brain sexual differentiation 370

Section Q-Learning and memory 375

Q1 Types of learning 375

Q2 Invertebrate procedural learning 380

Q3 Memory circuitry in mammals 384

Q4 Hippocampal learning 390

Q5 Cerebellar motor learning 397

Section R-Aspects of neuropathology 401

R1 Strokes and excitotoxicity 401

R2 Epilepsy 405

R3 Parkinson's disease 409

R4 Alzheimer's disease 413

Further reading 421

Index 427