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Chapter 0 Introduction 1

0．1 The Study of Algorithms 2

0．2 The Origins of Computing Machines 6

0．3 The Evolution of Computer Science 10

0．4 The Role of Abstraction 11

0．5 Ethical/Social/Legal Repercussions 12

Social Issues 13

Additional Reading 14

PART ONE: MACHINE ARCHITECTURE 15

Chapter 1 Data Storage 17

1．1 Storage of Bits 18

1．2 Main Memory 26

1．3 Mass Storage 29

1．4 Representing Information as Bit Patterns 35

1．5 The Binary System 44

1．6 Storing Integers 47

1．7 Storing Fractions 55

1．8 Data Compression 60

1．9 Communication Errors 65

Chapter Review Problems 70

Social Issues 76

Additional Reading 77

Chapter 2 Data Manipulation 79

2．1 The Central Processing Unit 80

2．2 The Stored-Program Concept 85

2．3 Program Execution 89

2．4 Arithmetic/Logic Instructions 95

2．5 Communicating with Other Devices 99

2．6 Other Architectures 104

Chapter Review Problems 108

Social Issucs 114

Additional Reading 115

PART TWO:SOFTWARE 117

Chapter 3 Operating Systems and Networks 119

3．1 The Evolution of Operating Systems 120

3．2 Operating System Architecture 124

3．3 Coordinating the Machine s Activities 130

3．4 Handling Competition Among Processes 136

3．5 Network 141

3．6 Network Protocols 149

3．7 Security 158

Chapter Review Problems 162

Social Issues 165

Additional Reading 166

Chapter 4 Algorithms 167

4．1 The Concept of an Algorithm 168

4．2 Algorithm Representation 170

4．3 Algorithm Discovery 178

4．4 Iterative Structures 184

4．5 Recursive Structures 196

4．6 Efficiency and Correctness 206

Chapter Review Problems 218

Social Issues 223

Additional Reading 224

Chapter 5 Programming Languages 225

5．1 Historical Perspective 226

5．2 Traditional Programming Concepts 236

5．3 Procedural Units 248

5．4 Language Implementation 255

5．5 Object-Oriented Programming 265

5．6 Programming Concurrent Activities 268

5．7 Declarative Programming 271

Chapter Review Problems 278

Social Issues 281

Additional Reading 283

Chapter 6 Software Engineering 285

6．1 The Software Engineering Discipline 286

6．2 The Software Life Cycle 288

6．3 Modularity 294

6．4 Design Methodologies 300

6．5 Testing 308

6．6 Documentation 310

6．7 Software Ownership and Liability 312

Chapter Review Problems 314

Social Issues 316

Additional Reading 317

PART THREE: DATA ORGANIZATION 319

Chapter 7 Data Structures 321

7．1 Arrays 322

7．2 Lists 325

7．3 Stacks 332

7．4 Queues 337

7．5 Trees 341

7．6 Customized Data Types 353

7．7 Pointers in Machine Language 360

Chapter Review Problems 361

Social Issues 366

Additional Reading 367

Chapter 8 File Structures 369

8．1 The Role of the Operating System 370

8．2 Sequential Files 371

8．3 Text Files 377

8．4 Indexing 381

8．5 Hashing 385

Chapter Review Problems 391

Social Issues 394

Additional Reading 395

Chapter 9 Database Structures 397

9．1 General Issues 398

9．2 The Layered Approach to Database Implementation 401

9．3 The Relational Model 404

9．4 Object-Oriented Databases 418

9．5 Maintaining Database Integrity 421

9．6 Social Impact of Database Technology 425

Chapter Review Problems 428

Social Issues 432

Additional Reading 433

PART FOUR: THE POTENTIAL OF ALGORITHMIC MACHINES 435

Chapter 10 Artificial Intelligence 437

10．1 Intelligence and Machines 438

10．2 Understanding Images 442

10．3 Reasoning 445

10．4 Artificial Neural Networks 459

10．5 Genetic Algorithms 468

10．6 Applications of Artificial Intelligence 473

10．7 Considering the Consequences 481

Chapter Review Problems 484

Social Issues 488

Additional Reading 489

Chapter 11 Theory of Computation 491

11．1 A Bare Bones Programming Language 492

11．2 Turing Machines 497

11．3 Computable Functions 503

11．4 A Noncomputable Function 507

11．5 Complexity of Problems 513

11．6 Public Key Cryptography 523

Chapter Review Problems 532

Social Issues 535

Additional Reading 536

Appendixes 537

A ASCII 539

B Circuits to Manipulate Two s Complement Representations 541

C A Typical Machine Language 545

D Program Examples 547

E The Equivalence of Iterative and Recursive Structures 557

F Answers to Questions /Exercises 559

Index 599