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Chapter One Greek Culture:Origin of Western CivilizationPART A Greek Culture 3

1.1.1 General Introduction 3

1.1.2 Influence of Ancient Greek Culture 3

PART B Greek Literature 5

1.2.1 Homer's Epics in Early Greece 6

1.2.2 Mythology in Greece 7

1.2.3 Drama in Greece 12

PART C Greek Philosophy 16

1.3.1 General Introduction 16

1.3.2 Famous Philosophers 17

PARTD Greek Art and Science 21

1.4.1 Art in Greece 21

1.4.2 Science in Greece 28

Chapter Two Roman Culture 35

PART A History 35

2.1.1 Legend of the Founding of Rome 35

2.1.2 Kings' Period 36

2.1.3 The Roman Republic 38

2.1.4 The Roman Empire 40

PART B Cultural Achievements 41

2.2.1 Political System 41

2.2.2 Laws 43

2.2.3 Latin Alphabets and Language 44

2.2.4 Latin Literature 46

2.2.5 History 49

2.2.6 Architecture and Engineering 51

2.2.7 Science 55

2.2.8 Philosophy 55

2.2.9 Christianity 57

Chapter Three Jewish Culture and the Old TestamentPARTA Judaism and the Old Testament 63

3.1.1 The Origin and Development of Judaism 63

3.1.2 Pentateuch 64

3.1.3 Historical Books 69

3.1.4 Poetical Books 74

3.1.5 Prophetic Books 77

PART B The Ancestors and States of Israel 78

3.2.1 Until the Time of Solomon 78

3.2.2 From the Division to the Babylonian Conquest 81

3.2.3 Reconstruction of Jerusalem 82

3.2.4 The Jewish Diaspora as an International Issue 82

PART C Zionism and Its Cultural Connotation 83

3.3.1 The Origin of Zionism 83

3.3.2 The Formation and Development of Zionism 85

3.3.3 The Cultural Connotation of Zionisrn 87

PART D Cultural Achievements of the Jews 87

3.4.1 Talmud 88

3.4.2 Literature 89

3.4.3 Art 91

3.4.4 Natural and Social Science 92

Chapter Four Christian Culture and the New TestamentPART A Historical and Cultural Backgrounds 99

4.1.1 Greco-Roman Philosophy and Religions 99

4.1.2 The Roman Domination and Jewish Revolts 102

PARTB The New Testament 105

4.2.1 Four Gospels 105

4.2.2 The Book of Acts 112

4.2.3 The Epistles 113

4.2.4 The Book of Revelation 115

PART C A Brief History of the Early Church 116

4.3.1 Founding of Jerusalem Church 116

4.3.2 Peter's Ministry 117

4.3.3 Paul's Ministry 119

PART D Beyond the New Testament Period 123

4.4.1 Constantine the Great 123

4.4.2 St.Augustine of Hippo 124

4.4.3 Christian World View 127

4.4.4 The Church and the Secular World 129

Chapter Five The Middle Ages 135

PART A Europe and Its Politics 135

5.1.1 Holy Roman Empire 135

5.1.2 Byzantine Empire 137

PART B The Church 140

5.2.1 Establishment of Papacy 140

5.2.2 The Dynamics between the Popes and Kings 141

5.2.3 Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church 143

5.2.4 Civilizing the Barbarians 144

PART C The Crusades 146

5.3.1 The Islam 146

5.3.2 The Crusades 148

PART D Dante and the Divine Comedy 149

5.4.1 Beatrice 150

5.4.2 Exile 150

5.4.3 Divine Comedy 150

PART E Scholasticism:Aquinas and Anselm 152

5.5.1 Scholasticism 152

5.5.2 Anselm of Canterbury 153

5.5.3 Thomas Aquinas 154

5.5.4 Materialism 156

PART F The Establishment of Banking and Universities 156

5.6.1 Banking 156

5.6.2 University 158

Chapter Six Renaissance and Reformation 165

PART A Renaissance 165

6.1.1 General Introduction 165

6.1.2 Italy:Source of the Renaissance 166

6.1.3 Humanism:Guiding Ideology of the Renaissance 167

6.1.4 Western Europe:Spread of the Renaissance 169

PART B Literature and Art 172

6.2.1 Italy 172

6.2.2 France 176

6.2.3 England 178

6.2.4 Germany 180

6.2.5 Spain 182

6.2.6 Netherlands 183

PART C Political and Social Ideology 185

PART D Science and Technology and Philosophy 187

6.4.1 Scientists 187

6.4.2 Geographical Discoveries 191

6.4.3 Philosophers 192

6.4.4 Printing 195

PART E The Religious Reformation 195

6.5.1 Background 195

6.5.2 Germany:Martin Luther 196

6.5.3 England:Henry Ⅷ 197

6.5.4 Swiss:John Calvin 197

6.5.5 Significance of the Reformation 198

Chapter Seven Age of Enlightenment 203

PART A Enlightenment:the Age of Reason 203

7.1.1 General Introduction 203

7.1.2 Representatives of the Enlightenment 204

7.1.3 The Significance and Impact of the Enlightenment 209

PART B Revolutionary Era 210

7.2.1 The American Revolution(1775～1783) 210

7.2.2 The French Revolution(1789～1799) 212

7.2.3 The Industrial Revolution(1700s～1800s) 215

PART C English Literature 216

PART D Art 224

7.4.1 Baroque Style 224

7.4.2 Rococo Style 229

7.4.3 Neo-Classical Style 231

PART E Music 233

7.5.1 Baroque Period(1600～1750) 234

7.5.2 Classical Period(1750～1820) 235

Chapter Eight Passionate Romanticism 241

PART A General Introduction 241

PART B The Origin of the Romantic Ideological Trend 245

PART C Romantic Philosophy and Social Thought 248

8.3.1 Three Major Classic Philosophers 248

8.3.2 Voluntarism 251

8.3.3 Liberalism 253

8.3.4 Utilitarianism 254

PART D Romantic Poems of Nature and Humanity in English 256

PART E Emotion and Freedom in Romantic Music 261

8.5.1 General Introduction 261

8.5.2 Famous Musicians 263

Chapter Nine The Industrialized Realism 275

PART A General Introduction 275

PART B Realism in Literature 280

9.2.1 Characteristics and Origin 280

9.2.2 Famous French Writers 281

PART C Realism in Painting 291

9.3.1 Famous Painter 291

9.3.2 Impressionism and Post-Impressionism 295

PART D Realism in Architecture and Sculpture 297

9.4.1 Architecture 297

9.4.2 Sculpture 298

Chapter Ten Modernism:New Perspective Denying TraditionPART A Modemist Culture:Surpassing and Innovation 303

PART B Modernist Ideology and Philosophy 304

10.2.1 Famous Philosophers 304

10.2.2 Stream of Consciousness 306

10.2.3 Existentialism 307

PART C Modernist Literature 309

10.3.1 Modernist Literature in Britain 310

10.3.2 Modern American Literature 316

10.3.3 Modernist Literature in Other Countries 321

PART D Modemist Achievements 322

10.4.1 Modern Art Movements 323

10.4.2 Modern Architecture 328

10.4.3 Modern Music 329

10.4.4 Some Important Figures 330

References 335