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Chapter 1 Language,Linguistics and Lexicology　 1

1-1-1 Introductory Remarks　 1

1-1-2 A Definition of Language　 1

1-1-3 Language,Society and Thought　 2

1-2-1 A Definition of Linguistics　 5

1-2-2 The Scope of Linguistics　 5

1-3-1 What Is Lexicology?　 6

1-3-2 Aims and Significance of the Course of English Lexicology 6

1-3-3 The Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics　 7

1-3-4 Two Approaches to the Study of English Lexicology　 8

Chapter 2 The Sources of the English Vocabulary　 13

2-1-1 What is Etymology?　 13

2-1-2 The English People and the English Language　 14

2-1-3 The Position and Character of the English Language in the Indo-European Family　 14

2-1-4 The Divisions of the History of the English Language　 15

2-1-5 Some Characteristics of Old English　 15

2-1-6 Some Characteristics of Middle English　 20

2-1-7 Some Characteristics of Modern English　 23

2-1-8 Etymological Twins in English　 30

2-1-9 Some Combining Forms Used in Modern English　 32

2-2-1 Words of Native Origin　 39

2-2-2 Borrowed Words in the English Vocabulary 41

2-3-1 The Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary　 44

2-3-2 The Scandinavian Element in the English Vocabulary　 44

2-3-3 The French Element in the English Vocabulary　 46

2-3-4 The Latin Element in the English Vocabulary　 49

2-3-5 The Greek Element in the English Vocabulary　 52

2-3-6 The Influence of the Classical Elements upon the English Vocabulary　 53

2-3-7 Other Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary　 55

2-3-8 The Interrelation Between the Native and Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary　 57

2-3-9 The Linguistic and Historical Origins of Some Common English Words　 58

Chapter 3 Word Meaning and Semantic Relations　 67

3-1-1 Some General Remarks on Semantics and Meaning　 67

3-1-2 The Relationship Between Meaning and theObject　 70

3-2-1 What Is a Word?　 71

3-2-2 Meaning and Motivation　 72

3-3-1 Classifications of Words　 73

3-3-2 Main Types of Word Meaning　 76

3-3-3 Word Meaning and Context　 80

3-4-1 Synonyms　 83

3-4-2 Antonyms　 89

3-4-3 Polysemy and Homonymy　 93

3-4-4 Hyponymy　 100

Chapter 4 The Changing English Voca bulary 103

4-1-1 The Constant Change in Language and the Continuous Appearance of Neologisms 103

4-1-2 The Definition of Neologisms or New Words 104

4-1-3 The Rate of Changes of the English Vocabulary　 106

4-1-4 The Sources of New Words　 106

4-1-5 The Formation of Neologisms 126

4-2-1 Archaisms　 137

4-3-1 Changes in Meaning 141

4-3-2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes　 143

4-3-3 Semantic Changes from the Literal Use of Words to Their Figurative Use　 152

Chapter 5　Word-formation in English　 168

5-1-1 Introduction　 168

5-1-2 Morphological Structure of Words　 168

5-1-3 Two Types of Morphemes 169

5-1-4 Three Types of Words　 170

5-1-5 Root,Base,Stem　 171

5-2-1 The Main Processes of English Word-formation　 177

5-2-2 The Minor Processes of English Word-formation　 259

Chapter 6 English Idioms　 273

6-1-1 Introduction　 273

6-1-2 The Definition of Idioms　 273

6-1-3 The Significance of Studying English Idioms　 275

6-1-4 The Features of English Idioms　 275

6-1-5 English Idioms in Different Styles　 279

6-1-6 The Difference Between Idiomatic and Free Phrases　 281

6-2-1 Classifications of English Idioms　 282

6-2-2 Some Useful Language Areas of Idioms　 301

Chapter 7　English Collocations　 320

7-1-1 Introduction　 320

7-1-2 What Is a Collocation?　 320

7-1-3 The Importance of Learning English Collocations　 321

7-2-1 The Classification of English Collocations　 324

7-2-2 Register Used in English Collocations　 341

7-3-1 Some Commonest Words Used in English Collocations.　 342

7-4-1 Different Subjects of English Collocations　 347

7-4-2 Families　 348

7-4-3 Houses,Flats and Rooms　 350

7-4-4 Food and Drink　 357

7-4-5 Study and Learning　 358

7-4-6 Fitness and Illness　 359

7-4-7 Job and Work　 361

7-4-8 Computers　 366

7-4-9 Sport　 368

7-4-10 Time　 372

Chapter 8 British and American English　 375

8-1-1 English as a Language of Worldwide Use　 375

8-1-2 British and American English　 376

8-1-3 The Historical Background of American English　 379

8-2-1 Differences between British English and American English　 381

8-2-2 Differences in Individual Sounds　 381

8-2-3 Differences in Stress　 383

8-2-4 Differences in Spelling　 384

8-2-5 Differences in Vocabulary　 385

8-2-6 Differences in Grammar　 396

8-3-1 A Comparison Between Webster's Pronunciation Symbols(WPS)and International Phonetic Alphabet(IPA)　 399

8-3-2 British and American English in the Future　 409

Chapter 9 English Dictionaries and How to Use Them 410

9-1-1 What Is a Dictionary?　 410

9-1-2 Characteristics of Dictionaries　 412

9-2-1 Types of Dictionaries　 413

9-2-2 Monolingual,Bilingual and Multilingual Dictionaries　 414

9-2-3 General and Special Dictionaries　 414

9-2-4 Pocket,Medium-sized and Unabridged Dictionaries　 416

9-2-5 Synchronic and Diachronic Dictionaries　 416

9-2-6 Encyclopedias and Encyclopedic Dictionaries　 417

9-2-7 The Printed and Electronic Dictionaries　 418

9-3-1 The History of English Dictionaries　 419

9-3-2 A Brief Introduction of Five Newest English Dictionaries　 422

9-3-3 Five Periods in the History of English Dictionaries　 428

9-4-1 How to Use English Dictionaries　 429

Appendix 1 An English-Chinese List of Technical Terms of Lexicology Used in This Book　 437

Appendix 2 The Review of a Newest Book　 446

Bibliography 447