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Chapter 1　Introduction 1

1.1　Preliminary remarks 1

1.2　The commitment of the study 4

1.3　The story of irony 6

1.3.1 Origin 6

1.3.2　Irony in Chinese context 7

1.3.3　Classification 11

1.3.4　Uses and functions 16

1.3.5　Summary of the section 21

1.4　Scope of the study 22

1.5　Methodological issues 22

1.5.1　Lead-in remarks 22

1.5.2　Research phases 24

1.6　Data 25

1.7 Structure of the dissertation 26

1.8　Summary 27

Chapter 2　Literature Review 29

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2　Historical survey 30

2.2.1 Greek 30

2.2.2　Latins 33

2.2.3 Mediaeval and Renaissance 35

2.2.4 Early modern times 38

2.2.5 Modern times 40

2.2.6 Brief summary 44

2.3 Theoretical survey abroad 45

2.3.1 Initial remarks 45

2.3.2 Non-cognitive-pragmatic studies 45

2.3.3 Cognitive-pragmatic studies 49

2.3.4 Summary 60

2.4 Research in Chinese context 67

2.4.1 Preliminaries 67

2.4.2 Chronological survey 69

2.5 Remaining crucial problem 75

2.6 Summary 76

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework 77

3.1 Preliminaries 77

3.2 Methodological constraints 79

3.3 Theoretical background of the present study 81

3.3.1 Main assumptions of cognitive linguistics 82

3.3.2 A brief survey of cognitive pragmatics 88

3.3.3 Theories of human cognitive abilities 94

3.4 Towards a unified theoretical framework 118

3.4.1 MM-based pragmatic reasoning 119

3.4.2 Explicit expression-implicit expression inference 125

3.4.3 Autonomy-dependence alignment 128

3.5 Summary 133

Chapter 4 Issues of Definition and Taxonomy Revisited 136

4.1 Introduction 136

4.2 Definitions of irony revisited 137

4.2.1 Initial remarks 137

4.2.2 Classical identification 138

4.2.3 Modifications 140

4.2.4 Definitions in Chinese context 142

4.3 Three claims reconsidered 143

4.4 Working definition of fan yu 146

4.5 Classification revisited 148

4.6 Taxonomy of verbal irony 152

4.6.1 Positive attitude irony 154

4.6.2 Negative attitude irony 161

4.7 Summary 170

Chapter 5 Irony as a cognitive-pragmatic phenomenon 172

5.1 Introduction 172

5.2 Chinese irony and its pragmatic features 174

5.2.1 Speaker's intention 174

5.2.2 Cancellability 176

5.2.3 Pragmatic vagueness 177

5.2.4 Contextual constraints 179

5.2.5 Indirect communicative act 184

5.3 Chinese irony and its pragmatic functions 186

5.3.1 Sarcasm 187

5.3.2 Politeness 188

5.3.3 Intimacy 191

5.3.4 Humor 191

5.3.5 Praise 192

5.4 Irony seen from the cognitive perspective 193

5.4.1 The cognitive traits of irony 194

5.4.2 Proximity cognition underlying irony 197

5.5 Irony:cognitive-pragmatic interface 200

5.6 Summary 202

Chapter 6 Mechanism of the Use of irony Redescribed 203

6.1 Introduction 203

6.2 Further description of the underlying mechanism 204

6.3 Interpretation of irony 209

6.3.1 Process of interpretation of irony 209

6.3.2 Analyses of examples 213

6.4 Production of irony 219

6.4.1 Process of production of irony 219

6.4.2 Analyses of some examples 222

6.5 Summary 224

Chapter 7 Conclusion 228

7.1 Introduction 228

7.2 Findings and conclusions 229

7.3 Implications 231

7.4 Limitations of our work 233

7.5 Suggestions for further study 235

Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Referred 237

Bibliography 238

Index 257

后记 266

Figure 3-1 Construal of Realities through Conceptualization 87

Figure 3-2 Law of Proximity 110

Figure 3-3 Law of Closure 110

Figure 3-4 Law of Symmetry 111

Figure 3-5 Figure-Ground Segregation 111

Figure 3-6 Law of Continuity 112

Figure 3-7 Law of Similarity 112

Figure 3-8 Different Degrees of Similarity among Three Groups 114

Figure 3-9 Opposite Direction Continuum for Physical Appearance 115

Figure 3-10 Two-Direction Processes of Language Use 119

Figure 3-11 Explicit Expression-Implicit Expression Inferential Process 127

Figure 3-12 Autonomy-Dependence Alignment 133

Figure 3-13 Mechanism Underlying the Use of Irony 134

Figure 4-1 Continuum of Two-Opposite-Direction Meanings of Irony 145

Figure 4-2 Taxonomy offan yu(Chinese irony) 154

Figure 6-1 Two-Stage Process of Irony Comprehension 210